Soil Phosphorus Variability: Scale-dependence in an Urbanizing Agricultural Landscape |
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Authors: | Email author" target="_blank">Elena M?BennettEmail author Stephen R?Carpenter Murray K?Clayton |
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Institution: | (1) Center for Limnology, 680 N. Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA;(2) Department of Statistics, 1210 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA |
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Abstract: | We examine the hypothesis that human activity changes patterns of variance in soil P (Bray-1) concentrations across several
spatial scales. We measured soil P concentrations and variability for each of four different land uses at three distinct levels
of analysis. Land uses were remnant prairie, lawns, corn fields of cash grain farms, and corn fields of dairies in Dane County,
Wisconsin (USA). For each land use type, levels of analysis were sites (an agricultural field, residential lawn or prairie,
ranging in size from 100 m2 to approximately 20 ha), 10-m plots within a site, and points within the 10-m diameter plot. The rank of mean soil P concentrations
was cash grain > dairy > lawn > prairie. For all land use types, most of the variance was accounted for by site-to-site variation.
Among-site variance was higher for human-dominated sites (0.55, 0.15, 0.14 log (mg/kg)]2 for cash grain, dairy, and lawn sites, respectively) than it was for prairies (0.07 log (mg/kg)]2). However, prairies had the highest among-plot variation (0.04 log (mg/kg)]2) compared to other sites (0.01, 0.002, and 0.01 log (mg/kg)]2 for cash grain, dairy, and lawn sites, respectively). The results indicate that in this watershed, human activity has increased
the mean soil P and variance of soil P, and shifted the scale of variance to larger spatial extents. Human impacts on landscape
pattern extend to soil properties that affect nutrient flow and eutrophication of surface waters. Because soil P turns over
slowly, the legacy of altered soil P patterns may affect freshwaters for centuries. |
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Keywords: | Agriculture Nonpoint source pollution Phosphorus Scale Soil Urban Variability |
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