我国利用真菌防治害虫的历史、进展及现状

我国利用虫生真菌防治害虫起步较晚,始于20世纪50年代,迄今只有约60年历史。经过1969年在广东省新会县召开的南方8省(区)利用白僵菌防治松毛虫现场交流会以及2002年“杀蝗绿僵菌油悬浮剂”获农业部农药检定所登记这两个里程碑式的事件,我国不仅建立了世界生产规模最大而且技术先进的真菌杀虫剂产业以及形成以利用球孢白僵菌防治马尾松毛虫和玉米螟为代表的世界最大规模的成功的生物防治项目,而且在虫生真菌的分类学、病理生物学、遗传育种以及生态学等研究领域全面地赶上了国际先进水平,在分子致病机制、基因工程以及基因组学等方面还取得了举世瞩目的研究成果。本文综述了我国利用真菌防治害虫近60年的发展历史,介绍了近年来在细胞核及线粒体变异和菌种退化、分子致病机制、基因工程、比较基因组学、遗传多样性、利用真菌持续控制害虫的生态机制、真菌杀虫剂应用效果的精确评价以及真菌流行病的溯源等领域的研究进展及现状。

History,Progress and Current Status of the Application of Fungi against Pest Insects in China

The application of entomopathogenic fungi against pest insects started as late as the 1950s, with a history of only ca. 60 years. After 2 milestone events, on-the-spot workshop of the application of Beauveria bassiana against pine caterpillars, Xinhui, Guangdong in 1969, and the registration of an acridicidal oil suspension of Metarhizium acridum in 2002, a largest fungal insecticide industry with advanced technology has been established, with the largest application scale in the world, characterized by B. bassiana against pine caterpillars and Asian corn borer as one of the world renowned successful biological control programs, as the overall research has caught up globally advanced level, with world spotlight progress in the fields of molecular pathogenesis, gene engineering and comparative genomics. The present paper reviews the 60 years history of the application of entomopathogenic fungi against pests in China, and describes the research progress and current status in nuclear and mitochondrial variation and strain degeneration, molecular pathogenesis, gene engineering, comparative genomics, genetic diversity, ecological mechanism of sustainable pest control by entomopathogenic fungi, accurate evaluation of field efficacy of fungal insecticides, and tracing of fungal epizootics.