都市郊区乡村聚落景观格局特征及影响因素分析

为探究大都市城郊乡村聚落景观空间格局特征及影响因素,该文应用景观格局指数分析了上海市青浦区乡村聚落景观空间格局特征,在此基础上,运用多元Logistic回归模型和因子分析法从地理空间和社会经济2个方面探讨了该区乡村聚落景观空间格局特征的影响因素。结果表明:青浦区乡村聚落景观空间格局呈现明显的东西分异特征,斑块规模东多西少,分布东密西疏,形态东部破碎西部规整;地理空间因素和社会经济因素是影响该区乡村聚落景观空间格局的主要驱动因素;地理空间差异是塑造该区乡村聚落景观空间基本格局的首要因素,其中耕作半径、到最近国道距离和到城市中心距离是规模分异的主要影响因素,到城市中心距离、到最近城镇中心距离和到最近主要河流距离是分布分异的主要影响因素,到最近国道距离、到最近高速公路距离和到最近省道距离是形态分异的主要影响因素;而社会投入和基础设施建设、乡村工业化和农村居民收入、农村剩余劳动力转移等社会经济因素加剧了乡村聚落景观空间的异质化、空心化和破碎化,深刻改变了乡村聚落景观空间格局的内在本质。研究结果可为大都市城郊区乡村景观保护规划和土地空间整治提供重要的理论依据。

Analysis of characteristic and influencing factors of rural settlement landscape pattern in metropolitan suburbs

Abstract: To reveal the differentiation characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern in metropolitan suburbs, statistical analyses of landscape pattern index was performed to determine different characteristics of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern of Qingpu District in Shanghai. Then multiple logistic regression model and factor analysis were performed respectively to interpret the different landscape spatial pattern according to natural, spatial and social economic factors. The results showed that the spatial pattern of rural settlement landscape was east-west differentiation. In the east region, rural settlements landscape spatial pattern presented the characteristic of small scale, dense distribution and regular morphology. Meanwhile, in the west region, rural settlements landscape spatial pattern presented the characteristic of large scale, spare distribution and broken morphology. Influencing factors of rural settlements landscape spatial pattern included geo-spatial and social-economy factors. The factors of influencing the differentiation of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern based on the geo-spatial factors in Qingpu District included explanatory variables of scale, distribution and shape. The explanatory variables of scale differentiation were the cultivation radius, distance to the nearest national roads and city center. The explanatory variables of distribution differentiation were the distance to the city center, nearest town center and nearest major rivers. The explanatory variables of shape differentiation were the distance to the nearest national roads, nearest highway and nearest provincial roads. Therefore, our results suggested that the primary factors to shape rural settlement landscape spatial pattern in this region were network of traffic and the degree of urbanization. The factors of affecting the differentiation of rural settlement landscape spatial pattern based on the social-economic factors in Qingpu District included social investment and infrastructure construction. The developed traffic network served as a strong external force to guide the selection of the settlement location. The rapid urbanization enhanced the outreach of rural communities, especially in urban and rural areas connected by transportation network. The rural space was taken into the framework of urban development, which accelerated material flow between urban and rural areas, ultimately resulting, spatial reconstruction of the rural settlement. The continuing and increasing investment of government in this region improved the rural agricultural production environment, achieved the reallocation of resources, and also resulted in high standard for development of rural land space. As such the rural economy was developed and residents'' income level increased. Thus, the urbanization can be viewed as a process of upgrading urban and rural industries and industry restructuring. The relocation of the urban industry accelerated the development of rural industrialization, which broke the traditional rural settlements space distribution principles and also changed the environment of the settlement space homogeneous dispersion. As a result, rural industry development eventually changed rural population and settlement spatial differentiation. The development of rural industrialization improved the living standards of rural residents and changed villagers'' views of outside world. Those changes impacted their life behavior or activity space, causing rural settlement landscape spatial difference and rural surplus labor transfer. The movement of rural surplus labor force from the township to the center of the town resulted in diffusion of the center of the district and town construction to the surrounding villages and towns, and promoted rural homogeneous space transition into the diversification, and exacerbated by the differentiation of the settlement space. The migration of agricultural population to other industry provided favorable conditions for change of agricultural land ownership and land consolidation. It also created an opportunity for the rural settlement spatial structure reorganization. In conclusion, these above-mentioned factors changed the inherent nature and form of rural settlement landscape, making the rural settlement landscape spatial pattern dissimilation, hollowing and fragmentation. It deeply changed the intrinsic quality of rural settlements landscape spatial pattern in that region. Our results have important guidance to plan the rural landscape protection and urban and rural land regulation in metropolitan suburbs.