辽宁地区樗蚕的生物学特性及人工饲育技术研究

樗蚕(Samia cynthia Walker et Felde)是一种珍贵的泌丝及食用昆虫资源。通过室内及野外人工饲育的方法,观察分布在辽宁地区的樗蚕的形态特征和生活习性,发现与分布于其它地区的樗蚕存在不同程度的差异。辽宁地区的樗蚕年发生1-2代,喜食臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)、山花椒(Zanthoxylum schinifollum)、枣树(Zizyphus jujube)、黄檗(Phellodendron amu-rense)等的树叶,幼虫4眠5龄,龄期经过25-37d,饲料种类不同可造成龄期差异;以蛹滞育。人工饲育樗蚕可采用小蚕室内育,大蚕野外育的饲养形式;种茧保护可采用柞蚕(Antheraea pernyi)的种茧越冬保护技术与方法,春季种茧出库后在温度20～23℃、相对湿度75%～85%的条件下暖茧,成虫交配时间超过4h的卵孵化率较高;樗蚕的主要病害有细菌性软化病、白僵病、微粒子病,春、秋季野外饲养的樗蚕易被蚕饰腹寄蝇(Blepharip azebina)寄生危害。樗蚕茧丝的纤度为1.80～3.60dtex,茧层丝胶练减率平均为25%,茧丝中的丝素蛋白约78%。

Studies on Biological Characters and Artificial Rearing Technique of Samia cynthia in Liaoning Province

Samia cynthia Walker et Felde is one of the precious silk spinning and edible insect resources. The morphological characters and growth habits of Samia cynthia in Liaoning Province were investigated by means of both indoor and outdoor artificial rearing. It has been found that the morphological characters and growth habits of Samia cynthia in Liaoning Province are different at various degrees with those in other areas. In Liaoning Province,Samia cynthia grew 1 to 2 generations annually and fed on leaves of Ailanthus altissima,Zanthoxylum schinifollum,Zizyphus jujuba and Phellodendron amurense etc. The larvae molted 4 times with 5 instars and diapaused at pupal stage. The whole duration of larval stage ranged from 25 to 37 d,and varied with food sources. Artificial rearing of Samia cynthia could use the pattern as indoor rearing of young larvae and outdoor rearing of grown larvae. Protection of parental Samia cynthia cocoons could follow the over-wintering protection techniques and methods used for the parental cocoons of Antheraea pernyi. After being taken out from the store house in winter,the parental cocoons needed to be warmed up under 20 to 23 ℃ and 75% to 85% relative humidity. Eggs from the adults with over 4 h of mating had high hatching rate. Major diseases of Samia cynthia included bacterial flacherie,white muscardine,and pebrine. Samia cynthia larvae at outdoor rearing in spring and autumn were vulnerable to Blepharipa zebina. Size of the Samia cynthia filament ranged from 1. 80 to 3. 60 dtex. The average rate of degumming loss from its cocoon shell sericin was 25%. Fibroin protein in its cocoon shells was around 78%.