Projected long-term response of Southeastern birds to forest management |
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Authors: | Michael S Mitchell Melissa J Reynolds-Hogland Michelle L Smith Petra Bohall Wood John A Beebe Patrick D Keyser Craig Loehle Christopher J Reynolds Paul Van Deusen Don White Jr |
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Institution: | 1. U.S. Geological Survey, University of Montana, 205 Natural Science Building, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;2. U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Division of Forestry and Natural Resources, West Virginia University, PO Box 6125, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;3. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 4601 Campus Drive, #A-114, Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5436, USA;4. Center for Native Grasslands Management, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, 246 Ellington PSB, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4563, USA;5. National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 552 S Washington Street, Suite 224, Naperville, IL 60540, USA;6. Weyerhaeuser Company, PO Box 1060, Hot Springs, AR 71901, USA;g National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 600 Suffolk Street, 5th floor, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;h School of Forest Resources, 110 University Court, The University of Arkansas, Monticello, AR 71655, USA;i Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, 205 Natural Science Building, Missoula, MT 59812, USA |
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Abstract: | Numerous studies have explored the influence of forest management on avian communities empirically, but uncertainty about causal relationships between landscape patterns and temporal dynamics of bird communities calls into question how observed historical patterns can be projected into the future, particularly to assess consequences of differing management alternatives. We used the Habplan harvest scheduler to project forest conditions under several management scenarios mapped at 5-year time steps over a 40-year time span. We used empirical models of overall avian richness, richness of selected guilds, and probability of presence for selected species to predict avian community characteristics for each of the mapped landscapes generated for each 5-year time step for each management scenario. We then used time series analyses to quantify relationships between changes in avian community characteristics and management-induced changes to forest landscapes over time. Our models of avian community and species characteristics indicated habitat associations at multiple spatial scales, although landscape-level measures of habitat were generally more important than stand-level measures. Our projections showed overall avian richness, richness of Neotropical migrants, and the presence of Blue-gray Gnatcatchers and Eastern Wood-pewees varied little among management scenarios, corresponding closely to broad, overall landscape changes over time. By contrast, richness of canopy nesters, richness of cavity nesters, richness of scrub-successional associates, and the presence of Common Yellowthroats showed high temporal variability among management scenarios, likely corresponding to short-term, fine-scale changes in the landscape. Predicted temporal variability of both interior-forest and early successional birds was low in the unharvested landscape relative to that in the harvested landscape. Our results also suggested that early successional species can be sensitive to both availability and connectivity of habitat on the landscape. To increase or maintain the avian diversity, our projections indicate that forest managers need to consider landscape-scale configuration of stands, maintaining a spatially heterogeneous distribution of age classes. Our findings suggest which measures of richness or species presence may be appropriate indicators for monitoring effects of forest management on avian communities, depending on management objectives. |
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Keywords: | Avian richness Biodiversity Forest management Probability of presence Temporal variability Time series analysis |
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