Effect of water-saving irrigation on rice yield and water use in typical lowland conditions in Asia |
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| Institution: | 1. Crop, Soil, and Water Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines;2. Group Crop and Weed Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Department of Resource & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;4. Philippines Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, Muñoz, Philippines;5. National Center of Irrigation and Drainage Development, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing, China;1. Regional Center for Energy and Environmental Sustainability (RCEES), University of Energy and Natural Resources (UENR), Sunyani, Ghana;2. Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Bouaké, Côte d′Ivoire;3. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Accra, Ghana;1. College of Water Conservancy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, PR China;2. Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945-3138, USA;1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/ Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China;2. Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China;3. Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China;4. Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;1. Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China;2. School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;3. Center for Plant Water-use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crop, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan Fuzhou 350002, China;4. Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong;1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China;2. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines;3. School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;1. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture, Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;3. United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Delta Water Management Research Unit, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA |
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| Abstract: | With decreasing water availability for agriculture and increasing demand for rice, water use in rice production systems has to be reduced and water productivity increased. Alternately submerged–nonsubmerged (ASNS) systems save water compared with continuous submergence (CS). However, the reported effect on yield varies widely and detailed characterizations of the hydrological conditions of ASNS experiments are often lacking so that generalizations are difficult to make. We compared the effects of ASNS and CS on crop performance and water use, at different levels of N input, in field experiments in China and the Philippines, while recording in detail the hydrological dynamics during the experiment. The experiments were conducted in irrigated lowlands and followed ASNS practices as recommended to farmers in China. The sites had silty clay loam soils, shallow groundwater tables and percolation rates of 1–4.5 mm per day.Grain yields were 4.1–5.0 t ha?1 with 0 kg N ha?1 and 6.8–9.2 t ha?1 with 180 kg N ha?1. Biomass and yield did not significantly differ between ASNS and CS, but water productivity was significantly higher under ASNS than under CS in two out of three experiments. There was no significant water×N interaction on yield, biomass, and water productivity. Combined rainfall plus irrigation water inputs were 600–960 mm under CS, and 6–14% lower under ASNS. Irrigation water input was 15–18% lower under ASNS than under CS, but only significantly so in one experiment. Under ASNS, the soils had no ponded water for 40–60% of the total time of crop growth. During the nonsubmerged periods, ponded water depths or shallow groundwater tables never went deeper than ?35 cm and remained most of the time within the rooted depth of the soil. Soil water potentials did not drop below ?10 kPa. We argue that our results are typical for poorly-drained irrigated lowlands in Asia, and that ASNS can reduce water use up to 15% without affecting yield when the shallow groundwater stays within about 0–30 cm. A hydrological characterization and mapping of Asia’s rice area is needed to assess the extent and magnitude of potential water savings. |
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