Simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for winter wheat and maize in seasonal frost areas |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;2. Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, School of Engineering and Electronics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK;1. Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany;2. Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, 53115, Bonn, Germany;1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, Karnal, India;2. Department of Biochemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, India;3. ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India;1. Università degli Studi di Milano, DiSAA, Cassandra lab, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy;2. Università degli Studi di Milano, DEMM, Cassandra lab, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy;1. Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion, Haifa, Israel;2. Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel |
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| Abstract: | Continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer maize is the main cropping pattern in North China Plain lying in a seasonal frost area. Irrigation scheduling of one crop will influence soil water regime and irrigation scheduling of the subsequent crop. Therefore, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and maize should be studied as a whole. Considering the meteorological and crop characteristics of the area lying in a seasonal frost area, a cropping year is divided into crop growing period and frost period. Model of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer (SMHT) for the frost period and model of soil water transfer (SWT) for the crop growing period were developed, and used jointly for the simulation of soil water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for a whole cropping year. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiment of winter wheat and maize in Beijing, China. Then the model was applied to the simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling with different precipitation and irrigation treatments. From the simulation results, precipitation can meet the crop water requirement of maize to a great extent, and irrigation at the seeding stage may be necessary. Precipitation and irrigation had no significant influence on evaporation and transpiration of maize. On the other hand, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat mainly depends on irrigation standard. Irrigation at the seeding stage and before soil freezing is usually necessary. For high irrigation standard, four times of irrigation are required after greening. While for medium irrigation, only once (rainy year) or twice (medium and dry years) of irrigation is required after greening. Transpiration of winter wheat is very close for high and medium irrigation, but it decreases significantly for low irrigation and will result in a reduction of crop yield. Irrigation with proper time and amount is necessary for winter wheat. Considering irrigation quota and crop transpiration comprehensively, medium irrigation is recommended for the irrigation of winter wheat in the studying area, which can reduce the irrigation quota of over 150 mm with little water stress for crop growth. |
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