洛川苹果花期冻害气候特征及人工防霜可行性探讨

为了科学认识低温冻害对洛川苹果的影响，降低苹果花期冻害损失，提高苹果种植效益，笔者利用洛川县1955—2014 年的气候资料，对照苹果花期冻害指标，分析了洛川苹果花期冻害气候特征，对采用的防霜措施进行了探讨。结论表明：洛川县1955—2014 年苹果花期冻害基本上3 年1 遇，严重灾害7~8 年1 遇。出现时段主要集中在4 月6 日—18 日，出现次数占总次数的93%，以影响花蕾为主。轻霜冻出现次数约占霜冻总数2/3，2000 年以后，由于气候变暖，冻害天气出现次数增多，降温幅度大加之花期提前，造成的损失较重。在轻冻害天气过程中，采用单一防霜方法，均能保证不出现冻害，但在严重冻害出现时，由于天气复杂，导致防霜效果降低，宜采用综合措施进行防霜。

Climatic Characteristics of Apple Blossom Freezing Injury in Luochuan and Feasibility of Artificial Frost Prevention

The study aims to scientifically understand the effect of freezing injury on apple in Luochuan, reduce the loss of florescence due to freezing injury, and improve the planting benefit. Based on the climate data (1955- 2014) in Luochuan County, the author analyzed the climate characteristics of apple blossom freezing injury and discussed the adopted frost prevention measures, and compared apple blossom freezing injury indexes. The results showed that the freezing injury occurred basically once in 3 years, and serious disaster occurred once in 7 to 8 years from 1955 to 2014 in Luochuan County. The emergence time mainly concentrated in April 6 to 18, making up 93% of the total times, mainly influenced flower bud. Light freezing accounted for around 2/3 of the total freezing occurrence number. Since 2000, due to climate warming, the occurrence of freezing weather increased, the large scale of temperature drop and early flowering resulted in heavy losses. Therefore, single frost prevention method could be used to prevent freeze injury in light freezing weather process, while comprehensive measures should be taken in the occurrence of serious freezing injury because complex weather condition might lower the prevention effect.