Ivy (Hedera helix L.) dynamics in riverine forests: Effects of river regulation and forest disturbance |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Remote Sensing and GIS, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Azin Alley, Ghods Street, Tehran, Iran;1. School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK;2. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;3. School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;4. Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;5. Department for Identification and Naming, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK;6. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru;7. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico de Rio de Janeiro (ENBT/JBRJ). Rua Pacheco Leão, 2040. RJ, Brazil;8. Department for Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK;9. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA;10. International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, Miami, USA;11. Center for Tropical Forest Science - Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA;12. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA;13. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA;14. School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK;15. Jardin Botanico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Peru |
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| Abstract: | Ivy (Hedera helix L.) favours moist nutrient-rich substrates of the floodplains of Western Europe. In this study we investigated ivy dynamics in two forest reserves of the upper Rhine. The aim was to determine the influence of flooding on ivy development following the cessation of cuttings at two forest sites of contrasting flooding regimes: the Rhinau Reserve is currently flooded while the Erstein site has not been flooded for 30 years. We also examined the impacts of severe storms in 1993 and 1999 and a long-lasting flood that occurred in 1999.Our results show that the population of Rhinau was smaller and younger because ivy is severely limited by long periods of anoxia, even though it is favoured by regular short-period floods. Indeed, juvenile growth was more rapid at Rhinau where nutrient and moist conditions are more favourable than in Erstein, but mortality was higher because of the long-lasting flood of 1999. At Erstein, the ivy showed a tendency to clump around several big trees, especially oaks and ashes, which may make the host tree vulnerable to windfall. Uprooted or broken ivies were found to survive better than the fallen host tree but could not climb to another trunk highlighting a strong dependence of ivy on its hosting tree. |
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