新建大棚番茄有机肥替代化肥的适宜比例及效应

  【目的】  有机肥氮替代部分化肥是实现作物高产优质、化肥增效和快速培肥土壤的重要技术途径。研究有机肥与化肥不同比例配施对新建温室中番茄产量、品质、氮肥效率和土壤理化性状的影响，以期为设施蔬菜减肥增效提供理论依据和技术支撑。  【方法】  2017和2018年在鲁西南的两个新建大棚进行了试验，供试番茄品种为‘亚特兰大’。依据当地番茄N–P₂O₅–K₂O推荐量 (1108–955–1108)，设置100%化肥 (FP) 和10%、20%、30%、40%的有机肥氮替代比例 (FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40) 处理，以不施氮肥为对照 (CK)，分析了番茄果实及植株氮磷钾含量，番茄NO₃–-N、维生素C (Vc)、总糖、酸度以及收获后0—30 cm土壤养分含量及容重、孔隙度等物理性状指标，并计算经济效益。  【结果】  有机肥氮替代比例在10%～30%内时，番茄产量随有机肥氮替代比例的提高而提高，以FM30处理的番茄产量最高，净收益最大，比FP处理增产4.03%，增收6.9%。FM30和FM40处理的番茄果实的硝酸盐含量比FP处理均降低了21.2%左右，FM10处理的番茄Vc、总糖含量最高，随有机肥氮替代比例增加，番茄Vc、糖酸比和总糖含量降低。FM30处理的番茄氮素利用率最高，比FP处理提高了17.7%。与FP处理相比，FM30和FM40处理的土壤硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低，土壤容重也显著降低，但土壤有机碳含量得到显著增加。  【结论】  当有机氮替代30%的化肥氮时，可以显著提高番茄产量和品质，改善土壤肥力，减少速效养分的残留。

Proportional replacement of organic N in chemical fertilizer for tomato production in a greenhouse system

【Objectives】The partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer is one of the technical pathways to increase crop yield and quality,fertilizer efficiency,and soil fertility.This paper investigates the effects of different proportions of organic and chemical fertilizers on tomato yield,quality,nitrogen absorption and soil physicochemical characteristics in a newly-built greenhouse.The study aims at providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the efficiency of greenhouse-based vegetable production under the proportional use of chemical and organic fertilizers.【Method】The experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 in two newlybuilt greenhouses in the southwestern part of Shandong Province using Atlanta tomato variety.Based on the NP₂O₅-K₂O application rate(1108-955-1108)recommended for local tomato,the treatments imposed in this study were 100% chemical fertilizer(FP),10%,20%,30%,and 40% organic N replacement in the chemical fertilizer(FM10,FM20,FM30,FM40),and no N input(i.e.,control;CK).The contents of N,P and K in the tomato fruits and plants,tomato NO3--N,Vc,total sugar,acidity,soil nutrient content,bulk density and porosity in 0-30 cm soil layer were analyzed.The economic benefit of the production system was also estimated.【Results】Tomato yield increases with the proportional increase in organic N replacement in the chemical fertilizer.Compared with the FP treatment,the yield and net income from tomato production in FM30 treatment were significantly higher,increasing by 4.03% and 6.09%,respectively.The NO₃^--N content in the tomato fruit produced from FM30 and FM40 all decreased by 21.2% compared with the FP treatment.The contents of Vc,sugar-acid ratio,and total sugar were higher in FM10 than other treatments.The contents of Vc,sugar-acid ratio and total sugar decrease as the proportion of organic N replacement increases.The highest N utilization rate was recorded in FM30(value),surpassing that recorded in the FP treatment by 17.7%.Compared with the FP treatment,the soil NO_3--N,soil bulk density,available P and K contents in FM30 and FM40 significantly decreased in the 0-30 cm soil layer,while the organic carbon contents significantly increased.【Conclusion】The proportional replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic N improves the yield,quality and efficiency of tomato production.Appropriate inclusion of organic N in chemical fertilizer has the potential to improve soil fertility and slowdown soil salinization.Finally,this study recommends 20%-30% inclusion of organic N in total chemical N input for tomato production in the newly-built greenhouse.