Toxicity of chemical-warfare agent HD to Folsomia candida in different soil types |
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| Institution: | 1. US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, AMSSB-RRT-BE, E5641, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5424, USA;2. GEO-CENTERS, INC., Gunpowder Branch, P.O. Box 68, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-0068, USA;1. Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-0845, Japan;2. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan;1. CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Rua Marquês d’Ávila e Bolama, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal;2. UDI-IPG—Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-749 Guarda, Portugal;3. CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal;4. Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;1. Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;2. National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA;3. ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA;1. Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 129, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia;2. Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen''s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom;3. Advanced Analytical Australia Pty Ltd, 11 Julius Avenue, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia;4. Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax St, Nelson 7010, New Zealand;5. Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney and Sydney Institute of Marine Sciences, Mosman, NSW, Australia;6. Tasmanian Shellfish Quality Assurance Program, Biosecurity Tasmania, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, 13 St Johns Ave, New Town, Tasmania 7008, Australia |
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| Abstract: | We investigated the ecotoxicity of the chemical-warfare agent (CWA) HD (Mustard) using Collembola reproduction test with numbers of adults and juveniles as measurement endpoints. Toxicity tests were conducted using soils with contrasting parameters to investigate the effects of soil properties on chemical toxicity. These included standard artificial soil (SAS; 10% OM; 6 pH), O’Neill-Hall sandy loam (OHSL; natural soil with 4.3% OM; 5.1 pH), and Sassafras sandy loam (SSL; natural soil with 2% OM; 4.9 pH). Soils were individually spiked with HD concentrations ranging from 1 to 125 mg kg–1. Lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) for adult mortality were 25, 50, and 6.97 mg kg–1 for SAS, OHSL, and SSL, respectively. The LOECs for reproduction were 6.97, 6.25, and 1.9 mg kg–1 for SAS, OHSL, and SSL, respectively. HD toxicity to both adults and juveniles was greater in SSL. These results show that soil toxicity testing should not rely solely on the adult acute endpoints using artificial soils, but should include assays with reproductive endpoints using natural soils with varying physical and chemical parameters to adequately assess toxicity to test species. |
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