Reduced growth of calves and its reversal by use of anabolic agents

Disease has profound effects on the immune system, endocrine system, and on the growth process. Since diseases are catabolic to the animal, there is current interest in the possible role of anabolic hormones to counter the effects of disease in general and minimize the effects of a disease process on growth and development. A number of anabolic hormones, such as growth hormone (GH) and estradiol + progesterone (EP), have been studied for their role in enhancing growth and stimulating immune function and are thus candidates for hormonal intervention in disease processes. GH has been shown to be effective in countering some of the deleterious effects of endotoxemia but was ineffective in a parasitic disease model. Studies with EP have shown similar success with both endotoxemia and a parasitic disease model. Moreover, GH and EP do not share a common mechanism of action, suggesting that the effects are not simply due to anabolic actions. While the mechanism of action of GH in endotoxemia has been examined, the effects of EP are via an unknown mechanism, possibly by inhibition of IL-I action or inhibition of nitric oxide overproduction.