不同覆盖栽培对旱作冬小麦土壤水分、产量和品质的影响

为探明不同栽培措施下全膜覆土穴播种植对不同基因型冬小麦生产的土壤水分状况、产量和品质的影响,为旱作冬小麦覆膜适水种植与农业绿色可持续高质量生产提供依据。采用普通聚乙烯地膜覆土穴播(PE)和生物降解地膜全膜覆土穴播(BM)2种覆盖材料种植方式,以传统露地穴播(LD)为对照,研究不同栽培措施对冬小麦土壤水分状况、产量、水分利用效率和主要品质的影响。结果表明,在干旱气候和作物耗水影响下,地膜覆盖处理较LD降低0—300 cm土层土壤平均含水量,BM较PE显著降低0—300 cm土层土壤水分。冬小麦全生育期耗水量BM较LD和PE分别增加22.0,23.0 mm,全生育期土壤水分消耗量BM＞LD＞PE。陇鉴1102个种植季地膜覆盖均较露地栽培显著增产;2018—2019年种植季,陇鉴111PE、BM较LD分别增产40.3%和29.7%,2019—2020年种植季,受严重倒伏影响PE、BM较LD分别减产2.5%,3.5%。与LD相比,地膜覆盖降低冬小麦籽粒品质,BM较PE极显著提升面团稳定时间和形成时间,陇鉴110籽粒平均蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和弱化度分别较陇鉴111增加10.6%,11.1%,10.3%。因此,生物降解地膜覆盖可 起到与聚乙烯地膜类似的蓄水保墒功能,但在旱作区冬小麦生产中,生物降解地膜覆盖要依据品种耗水特性及地膜栽培适应性,选择适宜的品种。

Effect of Different Mulch Cultivation on Soil Moisture, Yield and Quality of Dryland Winter Wheat

In order to explore the effects of different cultivation methods on soil moisture status, yield, and quality of different genotypes of winter wheat, and to provide a basis for water-suitable planting and agricultural green and sustainable high quality production of dry winter wheat. The soil water status, yield, water use efficiency, and main quality indexes of winter wheat under different cultivation practices were systematically studied by using two planting methods of mulching materials, common polyethylene film covered burrowing (PE) and biodegradable film covered burrowing (BM), compared with traditional open field burrowing (LD). The results showed that under the influence of arid climate and crop water consumption, the average soil moisture in 0-300 cm soil layer was reduced by mulching compared with LD, and the soil moisture in 0-300 cm soil layer was significantly reduced by BM compared with PE. The water consumption BM of winter wheat during the whole growth period increased by 22.0 mm and 23.0 mm, respectively, compared with LD and PE, and the soil water consumption BM > LD > PE during the whole growth period. The mulch yield of LJ 110 in two planting seasons was significantly higher than that of open-field cultivation. In 2018-2019 planting season, LJ 111 PE and BM increased by 40.3% and 29.7% compared with LD. In 2019-2020 planting season, due to severe lodging, PE and BM decreased by 2.5% and 3.5% compared with LD. Compared with LD, plastic film mulching reduced the grain quality of winter wheat, BM significantly increased the dough stabilization time and dough formation time compared with PE, and the average protein content, wet gluten content and weakening degree of LJ 110 grains were increased by 10.6%, 11.1% and 10.3% compared with LJ 111 grains, respectively. Therefore, biodegradable film mulching can play a similar role as polyethylene film in water storage and water conservation, but in winter wheat production in dryland area, biodegradable film mulching should be selected according to the water consumption characteristics of varieties and film cultivation adaptability.