华北地区不同农田景观格局下天敌昆虫和鸟类对玉米蚜的控制作用

农业集约化形成的农田景观格局影响鸟类和天敌昆虫多样性的形成、维持及其控害功能。为明确景观生境对玉米田鸟类和天敌昆虫及其玉米害虫种群的影响，本研究以5种不同生境比例的农田景观为对象，分析了不同生境比例下鸟类、天敌昆虫种群数量及其对主要害虫玉米蚜的控制作用。结果表明，龟纹瓢虫和草蛉在非玉米田生境比例20%的农田景观中种群数量最多，而异色瓢虫在生境比例30%的农田景观中种群数量最多；生境比例为15%、20%、30%和40%的农田景观分别有利于涵养白头鹎和斑鸠、麻雀、喜鹊和家燕、戴胜；且玉米蚜累计数量以生境比例30%的农田景观最低。排除鸟类与天敌的笼罩试验发现，鸟类与天敌通过直接取食或者干扰生态位生境条件，对玉米蚜的控制效果明显，以非玉米生境比例为20%的农田景观可涵养更多的天敌昆虫和减少玉米蚜发生，提高农田景观对玉米害虫的生物控制作用。

Control of Maize Aphids by Natural Enemies and Birds under Different Farmland Landscape Patterns in North China

Farmland landscape pattern shaped by agricultural intensification affects the formation, maintenance and pest-control function of bird and insect natural enemy diversity. Effects of landscape habitats on birds and insect natural enemies and maize aphid populations were analyzed in five different habitats. The results showed that the populations of ladybird (Propylaea Japonica) and lacewing (Chrysopa perla) were the largest in farmland landscape with 20% of non-maize fields, while ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) was the largest in farmland landscape with 30% of non-maize habitats. The farmland landscape with 15%, 20%, 30% and 40% non-maize habitat were conducive to the conservation of Chinese bulbul (Pycnonotus sinensis) and turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), sparrows (Passer montanus), magpie (Pica pica) and house swallow (Hirundo rustica), and hoopoe (Upupa epops), respectively. The cumulative quantity of maize aphid was the lowest in the farmland landscape with 30% of non-maize habitats. The results of exclusion of birds and natural enemies showed that they had significant control on maize aphid. The farmland landscape with 20% non-maize habitat can conserve more natural enemies and reduce maize aphid, and improve the biological control service of farmland landscape on maize pests.