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Ladder diagrams for atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation |
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| Authors: | Nuala Summerfield MRCVS Dipl ACVIM Amara Estrada DVM Dipl ACVIM |
| Affiliation: | a Section of Cardiology, Small Animal Hospital, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L7 7EX, UK;b Section of Cardiology, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA |
| Abstract: | Ladder diagrams are valuable teaching and interpretive tools in both human and veterinary electrocardiography. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how ladder diagrams can be used to help understand the possible mechanisms underlying atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. |
| Keywords: | Ladder diagram Atrial flutter Atrial fibrillation Canine Feline |
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