油菜籽联合收获机作业效果综合测评

我国油菜机收损失率过高，一个重要原因是在实际生产中大多用谷物联合收割机兼收油菜，收获损失难以精准把控，割台损失率、脱粒清选损失率、破碎率都过高，总损失率难以达到行业标准要求，亟待对专用油菜籽联合收获机实际作业性能进行科学准确评价，加大专用油菜籽联合收获机推广应用力度。为此，农业农村部农业机械化总站组织对国内主流的3款专用油菜籽联合收获机开展了包括作业性能和经济性能在内的作业效果综合测评。结果显示，3款机具的含杂率、破碎率、总损失率等作业性能指标均达到行业标准要求，满足生产需要，充分说明油菜籽专用联合收获机的作业性能比兼用收获机更为可靠；3款机具的作业效率均是人工收割油菜的100倍以上，包括人工、机具折旧、燃油在内的作业总成本只有人工的1/10,经济效果显著。通过结果分析，提出以收定种、耕种收一体推进油菜机收，大力发展高效低损油菜收获机具装备，加大机手培训指导减少机收损失等措施建议。

Comprehensive testing on working effects of the rapeseed combine harvesters

The loss in oil seed rape machinery harvesting is very high in China, one main reason for it is that grain combine harvesters are widely used in the rapeseed harvesting. In this case, the loss is hard to precise control, header loss rate, threshing & cleaning loss rate, breakage rate are all very high, gross loss rate is difficult to reach the industry standard requirements. It is urgent to scientifically and accurately evaluate the actual operation performances of special rapeseed combine harvesters, increase the promotion and application of special rapeseed harvesters. Therefore, China Agricultural Mechanization Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs organized comprehensive testing on working effects of three mainstream rapeseed combine harvesters, including operation performance and economic performance. The results show that the performance indexes of the three kinds of machines, such as impurity content, breakage rate and total loss rate, all meet the requirements of industry standards and meet the production needs, it is shown that the performance of the special combine harvester is more reliable than that of the concurrent harvester. The operating efficiency of the three machines is more than 100 times that of manual harvesting rape. The total operating cost including manual labor, depreciation of the machines and fuel oil is only 1/10 of manual labor. The economic effect is significant. Through analysis of the testing result, the paper puts forward some measures and recommendations，including, planting based on harvest and integrating planting and harvesting to promote rape harvesting by machine, vigorous developing efficient and low loss rape harvesting equipment, increasing the training and guidance of machine operators to reduce the loss of machine harvest.