Podzol development with time in sandy beach deposits in southern Norway

The coastal areas of SE Norway provide suitable conditions for studying soil development with time, because unweathered land surfaces have continuously been raised above sea level by glacio‐isostatic uplift since the termination of the last ice age. We investigated Podzol development in a chronosequence of six soils on sandy beach deposits with ages ranging from 2,300 to 9,650 y at the W coast of the Oslofjord. The climate in this area is rather mild with a mean annual temperature of 6°C and an annual precipitation of 975 mm (Sandefjord). The youngest soil showed no evidence of podzolization, while slight lightening of the A horizon of the second soil (3,800 years) indicated initial leaching of organic matter (OM). In the 4,300 y–old soil also Fe and humus accumulation in the B horizon were perceptible, but only the 6,600 y–old and older soils exhibited spodic horizons. Accumulation of OM in the A horizons reached a steady state in <2,300 y, while in the B horizons OM accumulated at increasing rates. pH dropped from 6.6 (H₂O)/5.9 (KCl) in the recent beach sand to 4.5 (H₂O)/3.8 (KCl) within approx. 4,500 y (pH_H2O)/2,500 y (pH_KCl) and stayed constant thereafter, which was attributed to sesquioxide buffering. Base saturation showed an exponential decrease with time. Progressive weathering was reflected by increasing Fe_d and Al_d contents, and proceeding podzolization by increasing amounts of pyrophophate‐ and oxalate‐soluble Fe and Al with soil age. These increases could be best described for most Fe and Al fractions by exponential models. Only the increasing amounts of Fe_p could be better described by a power function and those of Fe_o by a linear model.