“以畜控草”与新疆草畜平衡管理的探讨

长期以来,社会各界及业内都把"以草定畜"视为对天然草地放牧管理与生态保护和建设的终极目标,"以草定畜"似乎已被广泛认同,但是,在草原牧区实现"以草定畜"依然任重道远。在新疆天山北坡,同地带、同一类型的山地草甸草地,在夏季与冬季两种不同放牧利用制度下,植被成分差异显著,在冬季放牧利用制度下,山地草甸草地植被成分中,阔叶杂类草及小灌木明显增多,牧草再生性减弱;而在夏季放牧利用制度下,植被成分中小杂类草与禾本科牧草明显增多,牧草再生性增强;在降水量较丰富的中山带,禁牧封育2～3年后,植被成分中饲用价值低、家畜不宜采食的粗大杂类草明显增多。"以畜控草"应该成为更加积极的草地管理态度和方式。在目前天然草地放牧量难以较大幅度减控的情况下,通过"以畜控草",可以既保持草地植被健康状况又有利于草原畜牧业的发展,这对于实施牧民定居与冷季舍饲的新疆草原牧区,具有极为重要的现实意义。

A brief discussion on determination of livestock capacity and the balance management of grass and husbandry in Xinjiang

For fairly period time,the theory of determination of livestock capacity by grass has been widely identified and considered the ultimate goal for the management of natural pasture and ecological protection.However,it is still very difficult to practice this theory in the pasturing area.The northern parts of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang,the same zone,the same type of mountain meadow in the summer and winter bear two different grazing systems.They vegetation composition is also different.The broad-leaf weeds and small shrubs increased significantly in winter.broad-leaved forbs and small shrubs,pasture regeneration decreased while the vegetation composition of medium and small forbs and grasses increased significantly in the summer grazing system.The pasture regeneration is enhanced.After 2-3 years of grazing prohibition of Zhongshan band,the vegetation value is proved to be lower,and the forbs which is not suitable for livestock feed increased significantly.After the survey on the changing law of pasture vegetation,the control of grass by livestock should be considered as the effective and positive approach to the pasture management.It will be also beneficial for the pasture vegetation.In addition,it will be practical for settlement of herdsman and the development of pasturing area in Xinjiang.