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Current Reproductive Technologies Impacting Equine Embryo Production
Institution:1. Cátedra de producción Equina, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, Argentina, Chamical, La Rioja;2. Laboratorio de Producción Equina, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;3. Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;1. Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy;2. National Institute of Artificial Insemination, University of Bologna, Cadriano, Bologna, Italy;1. CEFIVA-Centro de Fertilización In vitro de Asturias, Spain;2. Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain;1. PS Pferdehaltung, Neustadt-Glewe, Germany;2. Clinic for Horses—Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany;3. Clinic for Animal Reproduction Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Switzerland;4. Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Agroscope and University of Berne, Avenches, Switzerland
Abstract:Numerous reproductive technologies have been developed in the past several decades, which have dramatically changed the way mares are bred. This review will focus on embryo recovery and transfer, cooled-shipped embryos, embryo freezing, oocyte freezing, oocyte collection and transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and sexed semen. Embryo transfer procedures have been constant for many years and the costs have not changed. The major change has been the ability to store embryos at 5 C for 12–24 hours and transport them to recipient stations. Embryo freezing has become more common using the technique of vitrification of embryos >300 μm or deflating embryos >300 μm before freezing. Oocyte vitrification has resulted in poor pregnancy rates although the technique works well in women. The ability to collect oocytes from mares and fertilize them by sperm injection has revolutionized the veterinarian’s approach to infertility in the mare and/or stallion. A transvaginal approach can be used to collect oocytes from preovulatory follicles and unstimulated follicles 5–25 mm in size. Although traditional in vitro fertilization does not work well in the horse, ICSI can be used to produce blastocysts which, upon nonsurgical transfer into recipients, provide a pregnancy rate similar to fresh embryos collected from donor mares. Sorting sperm by flow cytometry into X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa has been shown to provide about a 50% pregnancy rate with freshly sorted sperm but only 12% with sorted, frozen/thawed stallion sperm. It is likely that more advanced reproductive techniques will be developed in the future. Their acceptance will depend on how well they work, perceived need, cost, and, to some extent, the breed associations.
Keywords:Embryo  Technology  Oocytes  ICSI
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