Pharmacopuncture Analgesia Using Flunixin Meglumine Injection into the Acupoint GV1 (Ho Hai) After Elective Castration in Horses |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Liaoning Shenyang, PR China;2. Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China;1. Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA;2. UC Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA;3. Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Utsunomiya, Japan;1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil;2. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Veterinary Clinics Department, Londrina State University, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil;4. Veterinary Hospital, Advanced Campus of Jataí, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil;1. Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA;2. School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;3. Professional Programs Office, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA;4. College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA;1. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium;2. School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil;1. Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA;2. Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA;3. William R. Prichard Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA |
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| Abstract: | The study evaluated the effect of a 1/10 dose of flunixin meglumine administered into the governing vessel 1 (GV1) acupoint in horses that underwent castration. Twenty animals received 0.02 mg/kg detomidine intravenously, followed by 2.2 mg/kg ketamine and 0.1 mg/kg diazepam by the same route, and also a local anesthesia with 30 mL lidocaine. As postoperative analgesia, the animals received 1.1 mg/kg flunixin meglumine IV (FIV) or 0.11 mg/kg flunixin meglumine into the GV1 acupoint (FGV). Behavioral parameters were assessed 12 hours before the procedure (baseline) and at 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery; physiological parameters were measured at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 24 hours after surgery. The groups did not differ regarding pain scores. Heart rate was higher in the FIV group than in the FGV group 2 hours after surgery (46 ± 5.2 bpm vs. 37 ± 8.2 bpm); gut sounds decreased at 2, 4, and 6 hours in both groups. The temperature showed a decrease after 2 hours compared with baseline in the FGV group, and the systolic blood pressure was higher in the FGV group than in the FIV group at 8 hours (158 ± 18.1 mmHg vs. 134 ± 14.5 mmHg), 10 hours (157 ± 15.5 mm Hg vs. 130 ± 11.5 mmHg), and 12 hours (151 ± 18.7 mmHg vs. 134 ± 15.8 mmHg). Pharmacopuncture was as effective as conventional dose and route of flunixin meglumine in horses that underwent elective castration under those conditions. |
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| Keywords: | Acupuncture Analgesia Grimace scale Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Pain assessment |
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