略论水土保持学科特殊性及治理措施分类

本文提出水土保持学科特殊性应明确为以防治土壤侵蚀为核心,其特殊任务为在合理利用土地的基础上,对不同利用的土地进行不同的防治土壤侵蚀的措施,《水土保持法》对水土流失应有确切定义。并认为目前水土保持措施的分类方法容易与农林牧土地合理利用的概念混淆,也存在着水保水利的界限难分的问题。因而提出按其特殊性及特殊任务把水土保持措施分为:1.增加地面覆被;2.增加地表糙率;3.增加土壤渗漏速度及持水能力;4.减缓地面坡度;5.缩短坡长;6.控制末梢水文网流路;7.导排水沟渠中的消能防冲;8.滞蓄水工程;9.滞蓄水工程的利用;10.管理养护等十项,以利科学研究、规划设计、实施、管理、养护等各项水土保持工作的正常开展并不断提高。

On the Specialities of the Subject of Soli and Wateer Conservation and Classifi-cation of Control Measures

Considering the specialities of the subject of soil and water conservation.the author considers that soil and water conservation should be clearly defined as the measures taking the prevention of soil erosion as its core of research work.Putting up effective measures for the prevention of soil erosion on basis of rati-onal mlization of.1and should be taken as its special task.Soil loss should be clearly defined in the Law of Soil and Water Conservation.The author alsoconsiders that the classification method of control measures for soil and waterconse rvation used at present easily confuses with conception of rational land utili—zation in agriculture,forestry and anlmal husbandary.The problem also existsthat the demarcation line between water conse rvancy and soil and water conser—Vation is difficult to divide.According to its specialities and special tasks.theauthor proposes to divide the soil and water conservation measures into 10 items:1.increasing surface vegetative Cover:2.increasing roughness of the land sur—face;3.increasing the permeability of soil and its capacity of hoding water;4.retarding the gradient of slope;5.1essening the length of hydrologic netWork;6.controlline route flowing at the tip of hvdrologic network:7.energy dissipa—lion and protection against scour in the diversion and escape canal 8.water detenlion and storage projects:9.utilization of water detention and storage projects 10.management and maintenance.Diision of these items will be be fields of scientifc research project planning and design implementation managemcnt maintenance of the soli and water conservation work