东北玉米耕作制度存在的主要问题与新型耕作制度展望

东北是中国重要的商品粮生产基地,对确保国家粮食安全具有重要的战略意义。长期“重用轻养”的利用方式导致土壤严重退化,生产能力下降,如何实现东北黑土保护性利用是当前农业领域研究热点。玉米是东北第一大粮食作物,长期传统耕作制度不仅加速土壤退化,同时导致玉米秸秆“过剩”。因此,如何通过耕作制度改革来解决东北现行耕作制度中存在的主要问题已迫在眉睫。本文从土壤结构、土壤肥力、土壤侵蚀和秸秆还田4个方面总结传统耕作制度存在的主要问题,分析主要新型耕作制度模式的优缺点,最后展望东北耕作制度发展方向,为黑土地保护和国家粮食安全提供借鉴。

Main Problems of Maize Tillage System in Northeast China and the Prospect of New Tillage System

Northeast region is an important commodity grain production base in China, which has important strategic significance to ensure national food security. However, the long-term field management of overusing without proper protecting resulted in serious soil degradation and decline in productivity. Therefore, how to realize the protection utilization of cultivated land resources in northeast region has become a research focus in the current agricultural field. Maize is the largest grain crop in northeast region. The long-term conventional farming system not only accelerated soil degradation, but also resulted to "excess" maize straws. This paper summarized the main problems of traditional tillage system from four aspects:soil structure, soil fertility, soil erosion, and straw returning. Moreover, this review analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of main new tillage system models. Finally, the development direction of the new tillage system was prospected, expecting to provide reference for the protection of black soil and national food security.