氮肥施用对豫南稻茬小麦群体质量指标及产量的影响

为了研究豫南稻茬小麦产量低而不稳的障碍因子及小麦群体质量指标,在豫南稻茬麦区田间条件下,系统研究了氮肥施用(0,150,225 kg/hm~2)对扬麦15和兰考1 982个冬小麦品种群体质量指标及产量的影响,并提出了相应的对策。结果表明,2个冬小麦品种籽粒产量均随氮肥用量增加而增加,说明在当前豫南稻茬麦区氮肥仍是影响小麦产量提高的主要限制因子,并且在相同氮肥供应条件下,兰考198小麦籽粒产量明显高于扬麦15品种。研究还发现,实现该地区小麦产量6 000 kg/hm~2左右,产量构成需达到以下指标:成穗数490万~620万穗/hm~2,穗粒数42粒,千粒质量37 g以上。进一步分析发现,达到上述产量目标,小麦起身期群体茎蘖数为680万~780万穗,起身、拔节和开花期的适宜叶面积指数分别为2.89~3.20,4.08~5.60,6.09~7.61,开花期和成熟期干物质积累量分别为13 025~16 568 kg/hm~2,20 888~24 090 kg/hm~2,且开花期和成熟期粒数叶比和粒重叶比分别应高于0.38粒/cm~2和9.45 mg/cm~2。根据本试验结果,初步认为,兰考198较扬麦15更适宜当前豫南稻茬麦区种植,实现6 000 kg/hm~2产量水平,全生育期氮肥用量应在225 kg/hm~2左右,并达到主要生育时期适宜的群体质量指标。

Effects of Nitrogen Application on Population Quality Index and Grain Yield of Wheat Planted on the Paddy Field in Southern Henan Province

At present,many factors cause low and unstable yield of wheat planted in the paddy field of southern Henan Province.In a field experiment with split-plot design,effects of nitrogen application on population quality index and grain yield of wheat planted on paddy field were studied using two cultivars (Yangmai 15 and Lankao 198) and three nitrogen levels (0,150,225 kg/ha) during 2014-2015.The result showed that grain yield increased with the rate of nitrogen application,and the grain yield of Lankao 198 was higher than that of Yangmai 15 at the same nitrogen level.It was found that 6 000 kg/ha grain yield must meet with the yield components of 4.9-6.2 million spikes/ha,more than 42 grains per spikes and 37 g thousand grain weight,and the tiller number was 6.80 × 106-7.80 × 106 spikes/ha at erecting stage.Among them,the suitable leaf area index (LAI) was 2.89-3.20,4.08-5.60 and 6.09-7.61 at erecting,jointing and maturity stage,respectively.The amounts of dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity stage were 13 025-16 568 and 20 888-24 090 kg/ha,respectively,and the grain/leaf ratios were 0.38 grains and 9.45 mg grain per square centimeter leaf at maturity.Above all,we considered that Lankao 198 was one of high yield wheat cultivars suitable for Southern Henan Province.Under the condition of 6 000 kg/ha yield,about 225 kg/ha nitrogen should be applied and some appropriate population quality index should be met in different growth stage.