土壤重金属污染评价方法进展

【研究目的】土壤重金属污染是当今环境污染中污染面积最广、危害最大的环境问题之一，受到人们的广泛关注，因此国内外提出了众多的重金属污染评价方法，笔者将其进行系统的总结与归纳，为以后土壤重金属污染评价研究奠定基础；【方法】笔者综述了单因子指数评价法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、几何均值综合评价模式、污染负荷指数法、地积累指数法、沉积物富集系数法、潜在生态危害指数法，模糊数学法、灰色聚类法、基于GIS的地统计学评价法、健康风险评价方法、环境风险指数法等国内外典型的土壤重金属污染评价方法及模型，分析了各种方法的优劣之处和适用范围；【结论】通过分析表明各种评价方法都有一定的局限和不足之处，在评价中要对实测数据样本点进行充分分析，反复试验比较，结合评价的目的和侧重点选择较优的方法。最后提出根据实际的情况采用多种方法结合，同时，应该从重金属污染生态效应着手，开发生物评价法。

Progres of Assessment Methods of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil

It is one of the most widely area and damaging environmental problems about soil heavy metal pollution in current. So, it is wide spread concern, and received general attention. A number of assessment methods of heavy metal pollution in soil have been proposed at home and abroad, and which had analyzed and made a conclusion by author, which would lay a foundation for assessment of heavy metal pollution in soil. The single factor index, nemerow index method, comprehensive evaluation mode of geometric mean, pollution load index, index of geo-accumulation, the potential ecological risk index, sediment enrichment factor, potential ecological eisk index, fuzzy mathematical method, grey clustering method, geostatistics method on GIS, method for health risk assessment, method of environment risk index, and so on typical soil heavy metal pollution assessment methods and models in domestic and foreign were summarized. The advantages, disadvantages and application range of those methods were analyzed. It was indicated by the comparison analysis that a variety of evaluation methods had certain limitations and inadequacies. It was necessary for selecting better evaluation methods to carry out full analysis of the sample points, comparison of trial and error with the purpose of evaluation and focus on in pollution assessment of soil heavy metals. Finally, combining a variety of methods according to the actual situation was put forward. At the same time,it should start from the ecological effects of heavy metal pollution, develop biological evaluation method.