中国鲤育种的主要方法、遗传解析及展望

水产种业是水产养殖业发展的基础，是渔业战略性、基础性核心产业，也是保障未来养殖业绿色、健康发展的核心竞争力。随着水产业全球化、市场化的发展，我国种业正面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战。特别是随着生物技术的快速发展，水产育种也由传统的选择育种和杂交育种，发展至细胞工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种、分子设计育种和基因组编辑等精准设计育种。水产动物重要经济性状的基础研究及其遗传改良技术的创建驱动着我国水产种业的蓬勃发展，截止2022年，通过全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定并由农业农村部公告的水产新品种就有266个，其中鲤新品种数量最多，为31个，表明鲤育种工作卓有成效。本文重点回顾了我国鲤的种质和基因组资源现状，鲤的主要品种及其育种方法；简要介绍了鲤生长、抗病、体色、饲料转化率等经济性状关联的遗传研究进展，并由此提出了新时代背景下鲤种业的发展方向和措施建议，以期为我国鱼类育种提供借鉴。

Main methods, genetic analysis and prospect of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) breeding in China

The aquatic breeding is the basis for the development of aquaculture, serving as a strategic and fundamental core industry of fisheries, and essential for sustainable, healthy and environmentally friendly aquaculture development. With the development of globalization and marketization of the aquaculture industry, China''s aquaculture seed industry is facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges. Along with rapid development of biotechnologies, aquaculture genetic breeding has transformed from traditional selection breeding and hybrid breeding to cell engineering breeding, marker-assisted selection breeding, genome-wide genotyping-based selective breeding, molecular design breeding and genome editing breeding. Advances in basic research and biotechnology of aquaculture genetic breeding have promoted the development of aquaculture seed industry in China. Till 2022, 266 newly bred aquaculture varieties were approved by the National Certification Committee for Aquatic Varieties and announced by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China. Among them, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) occupies the top position with 31 new varieties, indicating great achievements in common carp breeding. In this paper, the current status of common carp breeding in China is summarized, along with its germplasm and genomic resources. Additionally, the foundation of molecular breeding is briefly reviewed, along with the research status of its utilization in common carp growth, disease resistance, body color differentiation, feed conversion ratio and other economic traits. Finally, the development direction and measures of the common carp breeding industry in the new era are proposed, with the purpose of improving fish breeding in China.