危害云南丽江苹果的病虫害种类及其发生规律

丽江是云南重要的苹果老产区,病虫害连年发生,严重制约苹果产业的发展。为了及时有效地防治病虫害,在丽江市的玉龙、古城和宁蒗3个主产区,连续3年系统调查苹果病虫害的发生发展情况,找出了病虫害的发生种类及其规律。调查结果显示:病害种类有23种;其中,真菌性病害16种、病毒性病害3种、生理性病害4种。危害较重的有腐烂病、白粉病、褐斑病和斑点落叶病。腐烂病在玉龙、古城和宁蒗3个产区发病率存在明显差异,在宁蒗发病最为严重;褐斑病、斑点病和白粉病在3个产区差别不大。从季节动态看:腐烂病发病率相对稳定;白粉病发生高峰出现较早;斑点落叶病与褐斑病有着相近的动态规律。从年度动态来看:发病率基数存在差异,腐烂病、白粉病有逐年加重的发生趋势,褐斑病与斑点落叶病年份间波动较大。苹果害虫有28种,危害相对较重的有苹果棉蚜、苹果黄蚜和红蜘蛛等3种,在不同产区和不同年份之间存在细微差别和动态波动。该研究为云南丽江地区苹果产业发展和病虫害综合防控提供依据。

The Investigation and Epidemic Study on Apple Diseases and Harmful Insects in Lijiang,Yunnan Province

Lijiang is an important apple growing area in Yunnan, where the occurrence of pests and diseases seriously affects the development of apple industry. In order to prevent and control diseases and insect pests effectively, we investigated the plant diseases and insect pests systematically and studied the epidemic rules at three main producing areas (Yulong, Gucheng and Ninglang) in Lijiang in three years. The results showed that there were 23 kinds of diseases, including 16 kinds of fungal diseases, three kinds of viral diseases and four physiological diseases. Among those diseases, rot, powdery mildew, brown spot disease and spot leaf spot were more severe of the diseases causing damage. The investigation results showed that rot disease incidence rate had obvious difference at three areas of Yulong,the ancient city and Ninglang, and it was the most serious at Ninglang; however, brown spot, spot disease and powdery mildew had not obvious difference at three above areas. Seasonal dynamics study results show that rot incidence rate was stable, powdery mildew began to occur early, brown spot, spot disease had a similar time dynamic rules, the incidence rate of rot disease and powdery mildew were increasing year by year, and the incidence rate of brown spots and spot disease had larger fluctuations year by year. Total 28 species orchard apple insect pests were investigated, of which, Eriosoma lanigerum,Myzus persicae and Panonychus citri were the relative serious pests. Generally,there was no serious occurrence in the whole, and there was slight difference and dynamic fluctuation among different areas and different years. The studies provide the basis for the development of apple industry in Lijiang, Yunnan, and provide evidence for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.