禁锢与关怀:徽州建筑遗存的女性主题演绎

历史上徽州女性长期生活在封建礼教、宗族制度的压迫下,精神、思想和行为受到严苛的限制。作为徽州文化的物质载体,徽州建筑类型、形态、空间组织方式以及装饰等在展现徽州建筑艺术美的同时,也体现了对徽州女性精神、思想和行为的禁锢和关怀,折射出明清时期徽州女性的社会地位和生活状况。牌坊与宗祠虽给予女性一定的尊重,而其实是封建礼教和宗法制度的纪念碑;徽州民居和宅院内向性封闭式的空间格局虽是徽州女性的精神家园,也反映出对徽州女性的制约;有关徽州女性题材的建筑雕饰在反映他们的社会地位、价值取向和审美情趣的同时也对妇德提出了较高要求。

Constraint and Care: Female Theme in Huizhou Architectures

Huizhou women lived long under the oppression of feudal ethics and clan system, and their spirits, thoughts, and behaviors were severely restricted. As an important material carrier of Huizhou culture, Huizhou architectures, while show the beauty of local architectural art through their types, forms, spatial organization and decoration, reflect the constraint and care Huizhou women received and their social status and reflect their living conditions in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Although paifang (memorial gateways) and ancestral halls give Huizhou women certain respect, they are actually the monuments of feudal ethics and patriarchal system; although enclosed houses are their spiritual homes, they restrict them in the meantime; although the architectural decorations with female theme mirror their value orientation and aesthetic taste, they make high requirements for their virtues.