平衡施肥对松嫩平原黑土玉米产量效益的影响

研究了平衡施肥对松嫩平原黑土区玉米生长发育状况和产量效益的影响。结果表明:平衡施肥对双城、海伦和依安玉米生长发育及产量、效益有明显的正效应。黑龙江省黑土玉米产量限制因子依次为氮、磷、钾。与最佳施肥处理(OPT)相比,不施氮肥平均减产23.4%,少收入2 514元.hm-2;不施磷肥平均减产15.9%,少收入1 699元.hm-2;不施钾肥平均减产16.3%,少收入1 646元.hm-2;不施肥处理平均减产35.3%,少收入2762元.hm-2;农民习惯施肥(FP)平均减产4.9%,少收入458元.hm-2。说明最佳施肥处理设计合理。双城氮磷钾肥农学效率分别为23.9、48.2和31.5 kg.kg-1;海伦氮磷钾肥农学效率分别为11.4、16.9和21.7 kg.kg-1;依安氮磷钾肥农学效率分别为13.1、29.6和13.1 kg.kg-1。从肥料农学效率方面考虑,应该在所设定的最佳处理氮钾肥的基础上适当提高磷肥和钾肥用量,以使最佳处理不断优化,达到玉米高产、优质和高效的目的。

Effect of Balanced Fertilization on Yield,Benefit of Maize in the Blackland of Songnen Plain

Experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of balanced fertilization on yield and benefit of maize in the black soil of Songnen Plain.The results showed that balanced fertilization had a significant positive effect to maize yield and benefit of Shuangcheng and Hailun and Yi＇an.Limiting factor on yield of maize in the black soil of Heilongjiang province was N P K.Compared with optimum treatment,the maize yield and profit of no nitrogen fertilization treatment were decreased by 23.4% and 2 514 yuan·hm-2;no phosphate fertilization treatment by 15.9% and 1 699 yuan·hm-2;no potassium fertilization treatment by 16.3% and 1 646 yuan·hm-2;no fertilization treatment by 35.5% and 2 762 yuan·hm-2;farmer fertilization treatment by 4.9% and 458 yuan·hm-2.The yield and benefit of optimum treatment was better than any other treatments,it means that the design of optimum treatment was reasonable.Nitrogen,phosphate and potassium agronomic efficiency of Shuangcheng was 23.9,48.2and 31.5 kg·kg-1 and Hailun was 11.4,16.9and 21.7 kg·kg-1and Yi＇an was 13.1,29.6and 13.1 kg·kg-1,respectively.Considering nutrient＇s balance and fertilizer utilization,the amount of phosphate and phosphate fertilizer should be improved on the basis of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer,which would make the optimum treatment more reasonable to reach maize high-yield,high-quality and efficiency.