中国农村居民点用地变化类型及调控策略

农村居民点用地变化主导着农村土地利用转型,从全局上掌握农村居民点用地的动态变化与空间格局,进而制定宏观调控策略,对于推进农村土地整治、建设新农村、优化村镇建设格局具有基础性的指导作用。该文利用全国农村居民点栅格数据(1 km×1 km),基于"公里格网-县域-省域"的不同空间尺度,通过构建和运用综合指标法、空间自相关分析法,揭示1995—2005年间全国农村居民点用地变化的数量特征、变化地域类型和空间分布特征,并提出相应的调控策略。研究结果表明:1)综合指标法综合考虑了总变化率、净变化率及份额修正,将全国县域农村居民点变化类型划分为增长型活跃区、增减平衡型活跃区、减少型活跃区、变化迟缓型区等4种类型,避免了单一指标将农村居民点集中分布区与小规模分布区因变化速率相当而划为一类的缺陷(实际上变化量与变化活跃程度差异巨大),同时较好地消除了部分区县被高估或低估的偏差。2)4种类型在空间上呈现显著的正相关关系,其中高值区主要分布在平原区大城市周边,低值区集中分布在华中、西南、青藏等自然地理条件较差的区域。3)4种类型区表现出不同的空间特征,对应不同的国家宏观战略区,宜采取针对性的调控策略。

Regional types and regulating strategy of changes for rural residential land in China

Abstract: The change of rural residential land dominates rural land use transformation. Understanding the dynamic change and spatial pattern and developing targeted macro regulating strategy accordingly can provide guidelines for promoting rural land consolidation, rural development and optimizing distribution pattern of towns and villages. In recent years, some studies use single index method especially the net change scale or net change rate, and many of them are on macro perspective. Such method is difficult to depict the complicated types of change for rural residential land. Based on the comprehensive perspective including km-grid, county and province level, this paper used grid data of rural residential land (1 km×1 km) and put forward a new research framework to analyze the quantitative characteristics and to classify the regional types of rural residential land change. The comprehensive indicator method consisted of total change rate, net change rate and share modifying. Then the spatial autocorrelation analysis method was used to explore the spatial distribution and agglomeration features. Based on the above analysis, regulating strategies for rural residential land were proposed finally. First, all provinces or counties nationwide were classified into four regional types by the comprehensive indicator method. The increased active regions included 786 counties and districts which mainly distributed in Huang-Huai-Hai plain, northeast plain, Yangtze River delta, Sichuan basin, etc. The increasing and decreasing balanced active regions consisted of 297 counties which was the least among the four types. The decreased active regions involved 352 counties and districts and mainly concentrated in mountain areas and the transition section between plain and mountain area. The final type was named as the changed slowly regions which had 926 counties and districts, accounting the most in the four types, and almost all of them distributed in the western China. Second, compared with single index method, the comprehensive indicator method was able to identify the special types of increasing and decreasing balanced active regions, and avoided the defect that the change rates of some counties might be overestimated or underestimated due to the regional difference of the original scale of rural residential land by share modifying. Therefore, the new method in this paper was more scientific for classifying change types. Third, the spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the four types had significant space correlation. The high-high clusters mainly distributed in plains and areas around large cities, and the low-low clusters concentrated in those regions with poor natural and geographical conditions in central and southwest China and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Fourth, each change type should have targeted regulating strategy. The increasing active regions were the core areas for urbanization and rural-urban development transformation, in which the typical feature of rural residential land was rapidly increased. The key point of regulating strategy in those regions was the exited and revitalized mechanism innovation. The increasing and decreasing balanced active regions were the important areas with fertile arable land for protecting national food security. The regulation of rural residential land in those regions should pay attention to improving living conditions and environment for rural residents and promoting rural space reconstruction by land consolidation. The decreasing active regions were the main areas of rural residential land reclamation. The local governments should guide rural population for centralized residence with a moderate scale and should push forward the obsolete housing land reclamation to arable land or woodland. The changed slowly regions were in the most ecologically vulnerable and under developed rural area. Under the preconditions to strictly protect the ecological environment, these regions should combine land consolidation, rural development and village renovation, and then build typical eco-village.