Intra-urban precipitation quality: Hamilton,Canada

Intra-urban variability of H⁺ (as measured by pH) along with S, halogens and heavy metals are studied in bulk precipitation from a network of 11 collectors located in the city of Hamilton, Canada. Bulk precipitation is shown a useful indicator of both elemental intra-urban variability and sources. Precipitation acidity is an order of magnitude less within urban areas than of that measured outside the city. Bulk depositional characteristics are classified into three distinct patterns as influenced by industrial emissions (Cu, Cl, Fe, Mn, and V), urban sediments (Ca and Mg), and automobile emissions (Br and Pb). A substantial component of S and Zn loadings are attributed to anthropogenic sources from outside the city while a substantial component of Al, I, and Na loadings are attributed to natural sources.