河南仰韶村遗址原始农业活动研究

分析古土壤特征是获取古环境信息的重要手段,通过研究文化遗址区古土壤特征来推导不同时间尺度下原始农业信息日益成为国内外研究的热点。本文选取河南仰韶文化遗址区内的文化剖面和自然剖面为研究对象,通过对两者的孢粉、炭屑、有机碳同位素、植硅体等古土壤特征定量分析,推测当时的粮食作物等原始农业信息。结果表明:通过分析两者的孢粉、炭屑,发现当古人类活动开始增强后,对于生存、生活所需的植物,古人类有选择性地种植和采摘,导致禾本科含量增加明显,藜科含量也较高,而利用价值不大的植物则因居住、耕作需要而被砍伐、焚烧,导致木本、蕨类含量减少。通过有机碳同位素和植硅体分析,发现在古人类活动的影响下,以C_3植物为主的自然植被类型转变为以C_4植物为主的人工植被类型,其遗址区内农作物以粟、黍为主,并发现有水稻,推测该遗址在仰韶晚期处于"北粟南稻"交错地带。

Study on Primitive Agricultural Activities of Yangshao Village Cultural Site in Henan Province

Yangshao culture was a typical primitive culture which had profound influence in the middle reaches of Yellow River, the cultural site covers an area of 300 000 square meters, approximately 900 meters long and 300 meters wide. In order to speculate the primitive agricultural information of the cultural site, two soil profiles in the cultural site were compared, one containing obvious evidence of ancient human activities (i.e. the cultural profile) and the other free of any ancient human disturbance (i.e. the natural profile), in sporopollen, charcoal, organic carbon isotope and phytolith. The analyses of the sporopollen and charcoal found that the ancient human beings selectively planted and picked up the plants for the survival and living when the human activities began to increase, which led to the increasing levels of Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae obviously, while the low-value plants were cut down and incinerated for living and farming, which resulted in the decrease of the contents of wood and fern. The analyses of organic carbon isotope and phytolith found that the natural vegetation types dominated by C₃ plants were transformed into C₄ plant-based artificial vegetation types under the influence of ancient human activities, and the main crops in Yangshao village cultural site were Setariaitalica and panicummiliaceum, in addition, oryza sativa phytoliths are found in samples of late period Yangshao culture. It was concluded that Yangshao village was belonged to the blended zone of rice and millet at that time, indicating that the climate was becoming more humid and new ways of agricultural activities were emerged.