化肥减量配施生物有机肥对油菜生长及土壤微生物和酶活性影响

通过盆栽试验,研究化肥减量10%~30%条件下,配施与所减化肥相同用量的2种生物有机肥对油菜生理代谢、产量、土壤生物学特性和养分含量的影响,系统的阐述了生物有机肥应用于蔬菜生产的优势所在。结果表明:减量化肥配施生物有机肥可促进油菜生长,提高油菜叶片内叶绿素含量和根系活力,同时增强了油菜叶片和根系内抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了过氧化物质含量(MDA、O·-2),进而提高了油菜的光合性能和抗氧化能力,与常规施肥(100%化肥)相比,产量提高了4.60%~24.55%,根际土壤细菌和放线菌数分别显著提高了111.26%~210.76%和12.49%~34.09%,而真菌数显著降低了20.37%~39.68%,同时提高了根际土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而降低了土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性,最终提高了根际土壤中有效养分和有机质含量。以上结果表明,减量化肥配施生物有机肥可通过改善根际土壤微生物群落的数量和结构来改变土壤酶活性和有效养分含量,优化根际环境的同时提高根系活力,增强植物抗逆性和光合能力,最终实现养地增产的效果。

Effects of Reduced Chemical Fertilizer with Application of Bio-organic Fertilizer on Rape Growth, Microorganism and Enzymes Activities in Soil

In order to elucidate the advantage of bio-organic fertilizer to vegetable production, a pot experiment was carried out. The effects of two kinds bio-organic fertilizers on rape physiological metabolism, yield, and soil biological characteristics and nutrient content were studied through replacement of 10% to 30% chemical fertilizer with the same amount of the bio-organic fertilizers. Results showed that the bio-organic fertilizer, which was equivalent with the reduced chemical fertilizer, could promote rape growth, chlorophyll content and root activity. Meanwhile, the enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and reduced content of reactive oxygen species (MDA, O2? ?) indicated the increased photosynthetic performance and oxidation resistance. Compared with the conventional fertilization (100% chemical fertilizer), the rape yield increased by 4.60% to 24.55% in bio-organic fertilization. The population of soil bacteria and actinomycetes was significantly increased by 111.26% to 210.76% and 12.49% to 34.09%, respectively, but the number of fungi was decreased by 20.37% to 39.68%. With the partial absence of chemical fertilizer, the soil phosphatase, invertase and catalase activities were increased, but soil urease and dehydrogenase activities were decreased, resulting in the increased soil available nutrient and organic matter. The above results suggest that, application of bio-organic fertilizer with the partial absence chemical fertilizer can change soil enzyme activities and available nutrients by improving the number and structure of soil microbial community, and consequently, optimize the rhizosphere environment and increase the root activity and plant stress resistance and photosynthetic ability, finally, enrich soil and increase crop production.