内蒙古草原蝗害与绿色防控技术应用现状

草原是内蒙古的生态主体,对维护全国的生态环境起着十分重要的作用。多年来草原蝗害在内蒙古连年发生,对草地植被造成严重破坏。本研究对2006-2015年内蒙古草原蝗害、绿色防控技术及应用现状进行了分析与总结,并提出防控对策。结果表明,内蒙古草原蝗虫整体为害2010-2015年已连续6年呈下降态势,目前以点片状中、低密度分散发生为主;蝗虫微孢子虫(Nosema locustae)、蝗绿僵菌(Metarhizium acridum)、苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)、印楝素(azadirachtin)、苦参碱(matrine)、烟碱·苦参碱(nicotine·matrine)、牧鸡牧鸭、自然天敌防控及生态治理效果明显,绿色防控技术得到优化,防控技术体系基本形成,10年间累积应用面积733.3万hm~2,生物防治面积明显增大,生物防治比例显著提高,减灾收益9.9亿元,生态、经济和社会效益显著;建议草原蝗虫绿色防控应进一步增加资金投入、完善预警体系、加大科研力度、强化生物防治,切实解决生产实际中的难点和问题,以实现草原蝗虫的绿色可持续防控。

Locust plague and its present situation after the application of green control technology in grasslands of Inner Mongolia

Grassland forms the main body of the land ecosystem and plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of the national ecological environment.Locust plagues commonly occur in Inner Mongolia grasslands and have caused serious damages to the grassland vegetation.In order to reduce losses,we analysed and summarised locust plagues and suggested strategies for the application of green control technologies on grasslands from 2006 to 2015.Accordingly,the locust plagues have decreased for six years from 2010 to 2015 in Inner Mongolia.Presently,locust plagues occur only as spots or slices of mid-density or low-density.The control effects by using Nosema locustae,Metarhizium acridum,Bacillus thuringiensis,azadirachtin,matrine,nicotine · matrine,herding chicken and duck,release of natural enemies of locusts,and ecological management have been excellent.The green control technologies have been refined,and the basic control strategies have been decided.Over the past few decades,the cumulative application areas using the green control technologies have increased to 7.333 million hectares.The application green control technologies has reduced the pasture direct economic benefit loss of 990 million CNY from 2006 to 2015 and resulted in remarkable ecological,economic,and social benefits.In order to resolve problems with production and achieve green and sustainable control,capital input must be increased,early warming system must be perfected,biological control needs to be strengthened,and additional scientific research must be reinforced.