Impacts of conservation buffers and grasslands on total phosphorus loads using hydrological modeling and remote sensing techniques

To better assess the impacts of conservation buffers and grasslands on water quality at large spatial scales, development and integration of novel approaches are crucial to ensure that these land management practices are functioning properly and meeting their original goals. Recent developments in remote sensing technology have greatly enriched the availability of geospatial data that can be used in hydrological modeling to assess the potential hydrological response of conservation practices over larger areas. A methodology was developed using the object-based image analysis approach with Landsat-5 TM imagery of the year 2005 and thematic layers of streams to quantify conservation buffers and grasslands (OBIA-2005). The OBIA-2005 land cover data was used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool hydrologic model to assess the impacts of vegetative conservation practices on total phosphorus (TP) loads. The model was calibrated and validated for discharge and TP loads in the Cedar Creek Watershed (CCW) in northeast Indiana. In general model efficiency for streamflow values was within acceptable statistical ranges. While calibration of TP loads was satisfactory for the total contributing area of two nested catchments within the upper CCW. Vegetative buffers of 30.5 m and 61 m combined with conservation grasslands generated from the OBIA-2005 resulted in a large reduction of TP loads as compared to no practices. The results also showed that including conservation grassland alone reduced TP loads by less than 2%. However, the combination of these practices with the width of edge-of-field buffer strips module of the SWAT model achieved the largest TP loads reduction. These findings demonstrate that improved representation of vegetative conservation practices in geospatial land cover data sets are more effective in assessing the impacts of conservation buffers and grasslands on water quality through hydrologic modeling.