小麦远缘杂交种质资源创新

小麦近缘种是改良小麦的一个重要基因库, 具有许多栽培小麦所不具备的优良特性。我们通过远缘杂交、染色体工程的方法创制了一大批不同类型的材料, 经基因组原位杂交GISH、多色FISH 和特异分子标记鉴定, 抗条锈病、白粉病、叶锈病鉴定, 品质、营养性状以及产量性状鉴定, 共选育出10 类可为育种家利用的抗病、优质、富含微量营养元素、氮高效、丰产性状优良的远缘杂交新种质和新不育系种质; 开发了414对黑麦基因组专化的EST 引物, 31 个黑麦染色体(臂)专化的EST 分子标记, 可应用于分子标记辅助育种, 或追踪检测小麦背景中的黑麦染色体或染色体片段; 进行了抗病新基因的遗传分析和分子标记定位工作。利用新种质, 选育出了一批表现突出的抗病、营养高效的小麦-黑麦、小麦-冰草远缘杂交新品系

Enhancement of wheat distant hybridization germplasm

The related species of Triticinae are important and valuable gene resources for molecular improvement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). These species have a number of distinct characteristics that common wheat varieties simply do not have. Through distant hybridization and chromosome engineering in the past years, a number of new germplasms, including wheat ("Xiaoyan 6")-rye ("German white") addition, substitution and translocation lines, have been developed and characterized. The sequential genome in situ hybridization (GISH) and multi-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), specific molecular markers, combining with disease resistance evaluation and nutrition, quality and yield identification had screened 10 kinds of new wide hybrid germplasms, including sterile lines. The screened germplasms were highly resistant to stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew. Some hybrid germplasms were also of high quality, enriched Zn and Fe, high nutrient efficiency and desirable agronomic traits. These traits made the germplasms new and valuable for effective wheat breeding. Also 414 new EST (expressed sequence tag) markers specific to rye genome and 31 new markers specific to rye chromosome arms had been developed. These molecular markers could be used in marker-assisted selection breeding or to rapidly detect corresponding rye chromosomes or chromosome segments introgressed into wheat background. The identification and mapping of new resistant genes derived from wheat relatives were ongoing. Some new advanced lines of wheat-rye and wheat-Agropyron cristatum were being developed for release as new cultivars.