农田中有机肥氮磷流失的研究

笔者综述了有机肥在现代农业中的土壤培肥作用及其增产效果,农田中施用有机肥对农田氮磷流失的影响,讨论了畜禽粪便、秸秆及沼液3种不同有机肥施用后农田氮磷流失情况,以及控制有机肥氮磷流失的技术及措施。研究表明:畜禽粪便施用初期硝态氮的流失量有所减少,但是随着长期的施用畜禽粪便,会加大硝态氮的流失量;长期施用畜禽粪便既增加田面水中磷的浓度,下渗水中磷的浓度也有所增加;秸秆还田能够有效减少农田氮磷流失,不同的秸秆类型,不同的还田方式以及不同的耕作方式其对氮磷流失的影响不同。沼液施入土壤后,会显著增加淋溶水中氮磷的浓度,对水体造成污染。今后还需要加强有机肥氮磷流失的机理以及不同地区施用有机肥农田氮磷流失特征的研究。

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss Under Organic Fertilizer Application in Farmland

The authors reviewed effects of organic fertilizer on improvement of soil fertility and yield in modern agriculture and its farmland application effect on nitrogen and phosphorus loss, the authors discussed farmland nitrogen and phosphorus loss situation after the application of poultry manure, straw and biogas, as well as the technical and control measures against the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that the loss amount of nitrate nitrogen decreased at the initial stage of poultry manure application, but the loss amount increased with the increase of application time; long-term application of poultry manure could increase the amount of phosphorus in surface water and as well as in seepage. Straw could effectively reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loss in farmland, the effects were different due to different straw types, returning methods and tillage methods. After the application of slurry, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaching water significantly increased, which caused water pollution. Mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus loss under organic fertilizer application should be studi ed as well as the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in different regions.