避雨栽培对葡萄霜霉病发生的影响与葡萄冠层微气象因子的关系

系统比较了云南省石林县(‘红地球’)和弥勒县(‘水晶葡萄’)葡萄园采用避雨栽培和露天栽培对葡萄霜霉病Plasmoparaviticola(Berk.Curtis)Berl.de Toni.的防治效果,监测了田间葡萄园内避雨栽培和露天栽培处理中葡萄霜霉病的发生流行与植株冠层气象因子的变化情况,并结合适宜葡萄霜霉病病害循环的温度、相对湿度、叶面持露时间及田间葡萄植株冠层微气象因子的变化对避雨栽培有效防治葡萄霜霉病的气象原理进行了分析。结果表明,避雨处理可有效控制葡萄霜霉病的发生和危害,石林县和弥勒县两地葡萄园的防治效果分别达到97.84%和66.29%。弥勒县‘水晶葡萄’对霜霉病的抗性较强,霜霉病发生较轻,但在避雨栽培条件下霜霉病的病情指数也显著低于对照。植株冠层微气象因子变化分析表明,避雨栽培可以减少决定霜霉病菌能否成功侵染的叶面水膜持续时间,创造不适宜霜霉病菌萌发和侵入的条件,还可以显著减低棚内植株冠层适宜孢子囊产生的相对湿度的持续时间,减少霜霉病菌的侵染菌量,从而有效地控制了霜霉病的发生和危害。

Impacts of rainshelter cultivation on the development of grape downy mildew and its relation with grape canopy microclimate

The control effect of grape downy mildew [Plasmopara viticola (Berk.& Curtis) Berl.& de Toni.] under rain-shelter cultivation conditions was compared with open-aired cultivation in vineyards of Shilin (‘Red Globe’) and Mile counties (‘Shuijing Grape’),Yunnan Province during 2014-2015.The temperature,relative humidity and leaf wetness duration in grape canopy were also monitored in both treatments.Then the relationships between downy mildew occurrence and microclimate change were analyzed to depict the principle of disease control.The results showed that rain-shelter treatment was so effectively that its control effect could easily reach to 97.84％ and 66.29％ in vineyards of Shilin and Mile vineyards,respectively.The duration of relative humidity and leaf wetness,which are the key climate factors for grape downy mildew infection,were significantly less in the grape canopy of rain-shelter treatment than open-aired control.In addition,the decreased relative humidity was also unsuitable for the sporulation of P.viticola.Thus,rain-shelter cultivation of grape might change the microclimate of grape canopy and made it unsuitable for downy mildew occurrence and damage.