浙江省畜禽粪源有机肥质量安全风险与控制对策

收集浙江省历年商品有机肥、农家堆肥和畜禽粪便样品1 000余份,通过样品基本理化性质、养分含量、重金属含量、抗生素残留浓度和盐分含量检测分析等,探讨浙江省畜禽粪源有机肥质量状况和潜在风险。结果表明:参照现行的NY 525—2012有机肥料标准,2014—2016年市场抽检的浙江省商品有机肥料平均合格率为72.5%,合格率呈逐年上升趋势,其中,重金属超标是产品不合格的主要原因。在调查的样本中,重金属As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg均有发现超标,其中,猪粪源有机肥的重金属超标率高于其他粪源有机肥。畜禽粪便重金属残留是成品有机肥中重金属污染的主要来源。四环素类、氟喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素在商品有机肥料样本中均有检出,最高的检出质量浓度可达71.0 mg·kg^-1。此外,作为有机肥原料的畜禽粪便中高盐现象普遍,盐分含量可高达26.1 g·kg^-1。分析认为,相关行业标准不配套、现行标准执行不严格、部分饲料添加物质达不到相关标准要求、有机肥加工辅料和成品添加物杂乱等是导致有机肥使用安全风险的主要原因。由此提出以饲料添加剂的科学、规范使用和有机肥发酵工艺与成品质量的严格管控为主要内容的畜禽粪源有机肥施用安全风险控制对策建议。

Quality risk assessment and management of manure based organic fertilizers in Zhejiang

In this work, more than 1 000 samples, which included commercial organic fertilizer, farmyard manure compost and raw manure, were collected from Zhejiang Provinces over years. The basic physiochemical properties as well as the contents of nutrients, heavy metals, antibiotics and mineral salts were determined to investigate the quality status and potential risks of commercial manure based organic fertilizers in Zhejiang. It was shown that the average qualification rate of the commercial organic fertilizers collected from 2014 to 2016 was 72.5% according to the national standard of organic fertilizer NY 525—2012 in China, which showed an increasing trend year by year. Heavy metals contents exceeding the standard limit was the main reason for the disqualification of these organic fertilizers. Heavy metals, including As, Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg exceeding the standard limit were found in the samples of this work. The average over standard rate of heavy metals in pig manure based organic fertilizers was higher than that of other organic fertilizers. The heavy metal pollution in the commercial organic fertilizers mainly sourced from livestock manure. Tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and sulfanilamides antibiotics were also frequently detected in the commercial organic fertilizer samples, and the highest concentration reached 71.0 mg·kg^-1. The salt content in the manure of livestock and poultry could reach 26.1 g·kg^-1. The reasons for the risk of the application of manure based organic fertilizers included the following aspects: the current organic fertilizer standard could not satisfy the actual situation; the current organic fertilizer standard could not be strictly implemented; feed additives failed to meet the requirement of the standard; etc. The strategies for the risk control and safety utilization of manure based organic fertilizers was further discussed, which included the scientific and standardized use of feed additives and the improved monitor management of the organic fertilizer production process and the product quality.