Inhibition of ruminal microbial methane production by beta-cyclodextrin iodopropane, malate and their combination in vitro

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of l-malate (0, 5, 10 and 20 mm), 2-iodopropane-beta-cyclodextrin complex (CD-IP) (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mm) and a combination of malate (10 and 20 mm) plus CD-IP (0.2 and 0.4 mm) on methane production from corn starch. Ruminal fluid was collected from dairy cows, mixed with phosphate buffer (1 : 2) and incubated (30 ml) anaerobically at 38 degrees C for 6 h with or without additives. Fermentation of corn starch in the presence of malate resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in pH of the medium, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), total gas production and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate and ammonia-N concentration were unchanged. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (15.5 to 20.4%). Addition of CD-IP in corn starch resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in total VFA and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate, pH and ammonia-N concentration of the medium were decreased (p < 0.05). Total gas production was unchanged. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (25.2 to 97.1%) and hydrogen production was increased (p < 0.05). Addition of l-malate to CD-IP resulted in an increase (p < 0.05) in total VFA, total gas production and molar proportion of propionate. Acetate and ammonia-N concentration were decreased (p < 0.05). No effects were observed on medium pH. Methane production was decreased (p < 0.05) (49.5 to 97.1%). Hydrogen production was also decreased (p < 0.05) (54.5 to 64.1%) compared with those of CD-IP alone. Therefore, these additives may be used as supplements to inhibit methane production as well as to improve rumen fermentation and animal performance.