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Influence of different organic geo-sorbents on Spinacia oleracea grown in chromite mine-degraded soil: a greenhouse study |
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| Authors: | Nawab Javed Khan Nayab Ahmed Riaz Khan Sardar Ghani Junaid Rahman Ziaur Khan Fawad Wang Xiaoping Muhammad Juma Sher Hassan |
| Affiliation: | 1.Key Laboratory of Tibetan Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China ;2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China ;3.Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan ;4.Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan ;5.State Key Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China ;6.Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan ;7.Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan ;8.Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan ;9.Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Upper Dir, Pakistan ;10.Center for Plant Science and Biodiversity University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan ; |
| Abstract: | Purpose Potentially toxic element (PTE) concentrations in mine-degraded soil and their bioaccumulation in food crops is a public health concern worldwide. The current study investigates the influence of organic geo-sorbents including biochar (B), farmyard manure (FYM), and peat moss (PTM) on PTE in chromite mine-degraded soil and their subsequent effects on spinach biomass, PTE uptake, average dietary intake (ADI), and health risk (HRI) associated with PTE via spinach consumption. Materials and methodsChromite mine-degraded soil samples were collected from different mining sites in Kohistan region. Pot experiments were carried out in the greenhouse environment. The selected geo-sorbents (B, FYM and PTM) were mixed at application rates of 1%, 2%, and 5%. Contaminated soil without geo-sorbents (control treatment) was also included in each batch of the experiments. Local FYM and PTM were used in this experiment, while B was provided by the Institute of Urban Environment (CAS) Xiamen, China. The total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and total sulfur (S) contents in mine-degraded soil and organic geo-sorbents were measured using a macro-elementor (VarioMax CNS, Germany). Total (acid digestion) and bioavailable PTE (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb) concentrations in mine-degraded soil and spinach were determined using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS 7500 CX, Agilent Technologies, USA). Results and discussionThe addition of organic geo-sorbents effectively immobilized the PTE concentrations in mine-degraded soil, and increased the major nutrient contents and thereby reduced the bioaccumulation of PTE (Cr, As, Ni, Cd, Zn, and Pb) in spinach. Consequently, B2, B5, FYM2, FYM5, PTM2, and PTM5 amendments significantly (p?p?p?Conclusions The highest application rate (5%) showed the best result in increasing the spinach growth and biomass as well as reducing the PTE mobility in soil, and their bioaccumulation in spinach, as compared to 1% and 2% application rates and also with the control treatment. Furthermore, the average dietary intake (ADI) of PTE and health risk indices (HRIs) reduced via spinach consumption for both the children and adults, due to the addition of selected organic geo-sorbents used for soil amendments. |
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