不同生态条件下栽培方式对水稻干物质生产和产量的影响

为明确不同生态条件下栽培方式对水稻物质生产及产量的影响, 采用随机区组多点试验设计, 研究了不同秧龄和移栽方式对仁寿、郫县和雅安生态点水稻干物质积累与分配、茎鞘干物质输出与转化、产量及构成因素的影响。结果表明: (1)水稻的干物质积累特性为生态条件、秧龄、移栽方式及其互作效应共同作用的结果。水稻单茎和群体干物重均受三者显著主效作用; 生态条件与秧龄互作效应极显著影响分蘖盛期至抽穗期群体干物重, 而生态条件与移栽方式、秧龄与移栽方式及三者互作则主要影响抽穗后水稻单茎和群体干物重。(2)高产水稻干物质生产特性因生态条件的变化而改变。仁寿的产量主要来自抽穗后光合产物在籽粒中的积累, 与茎鞘物质的输出和转化相关不显著; 在郫县, 茎鞘物质输出和转化对产量贡献大于在仁寿, 产量与孕穗期茎鞘干物质分配比例(r = 0.775^*)显著正相关, 与成熟期茎鞘干物质分配比例(r = -0.757^*)则呈显著负相关; 在雅安, 抽穗后茎鞘干物质的输出和转化与产量正相关。(3)水稻产量以仁寿最高, 较郫县和雅安高5.52%和17.65%; 秧龄和移栽方式均能影响水稻最终产量, 不同栽培方式间产量差异显著; 仁寿的栽培方式主要通过单位面积有效穗数、结实率和千粒重来影响产量, 在郫县则通过影响单位面积有效穗数和每穗颖花数实现对产量的调控, 雅安的栽培方式主要通过群体颖花量和千粒重调控产量。(4)适宜的栽培方式能有效调控水稻干物质生产, 促进产量的提高。在仁寿和郫县, 50 d秧龄单苗优化定抛有效地协调了不同生育阶段干物质积累量, 促进水稻增产; 在雅安, 50 d秧龄单苗手插具有较高穗前干物质积累量和抽穗后茎鞘干物质输出与转化效率, 增产显著。

Effects of Cultivation Methods on Dry Matter Production and Yield of Rice under Different Ecological Conditions

To explore the effects of cultivation methods on dry matter production and grain yield of rice under different ecological conditions, we measured dry matter accumulation, distribution, translocation, grain yield and its components in a field experiment with different seedling ages and transplanting methods in Renshou, Pixian, and Ya’an of Sichuan Province using a randomized block experimental design. The results showed as follows: (1) The dry matter accumulation of rice such as dry matter weight per stem or in a population was clearly influenced by ecological condition, seedling age, transplanting method, and there were significant interactions of ecological condition and seedling age on dry matter weight of population from tillering to heading stages. Moreover, the interactions of ecological condition and transplanting method, seedling age and transplanting method, and all of the three factors mainly affected dry matter weight per stem and in a population after heading stage. (2) The diversification of dry matter production characteristics was due to the ecological condition changes. The grain yield was primarily come from the accumulation of photosynthate after heading stage in Renshou, but not significantly correlated with the dry matter translocation from stem-sheath. In Pixian, the dry matter translocation from stem-sheath affected grain yield intensely, rice yield was positively correlated with dry matter translocation ratio from stem-sheath at booting stage (r=0.775 * ), but negatively with that at maturity (r=–0.757 * ), significantly. In addition, the dry matter redistribution from stem-sheath after heading was positively correlated with rice yield in Ya’an. (3) The yield in Renshou increased by 5.52% and 17.65%, respectively, compared with that in Pixian and Ya’an. Seedling age and transplanting method had an effect on the yield, that was significantly different under the different cultivation methods. Cultivation methods influenced the yield through changing effective panicles per unit area, seed-setting rate, and 1000-grain weight in Renshou, while by changing effective panicles per unit area and spikelets per panicle in Pixian, and by changing total spikelets and 1000-grain weight in Ya’an. (4) It was suggested that, with the effective regulation of cultivation methods on rice dry matter production, a higher yield would be reached. Overall, the 50 d single seedling with optimized-broadcasting treatment could coordinate the dry matter accumulation at different growth stages to promote the grain yield in Renshou and Pixian. Furthermore, the 50 d single seedling with hand-transplanting treatment enhanced the dry matter accumulation before heading and the dry matter translocation from stem-sheath after heading, resulting in the extraordinarily increased rice yield inYa’an.