Phosphorus amendment decreased cadmium (Cd) uptake and ameliorates chlorophyll contents,gas exchange attributes,antioxidants, and mineral nutrients in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Cd stress

A 28-day pot (sand culture) experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of phosphorus (P) application in alleviating Cd phytotoxicity in wheat plants. Different levels of P (0, 10, and 20 kg ha^?1) were applied without and with 100 µM Cd. The results showed that 100 µM Cd concentration decreased plant biomass, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange attributes, and mineral nutrients in wheat plants. Cadmium stress increased tissue Cd and H₂O₂ concentrations. The activities of superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidase (POD) enzymes, increased while the activities of catalase (CAT), ascorbic acid (AsA), α-tocopherol, and phenolics decreased under Cd stress. Phosphorus supply increased shoot biomass, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, and mineral nutrients and decreased Cd and H₂O₂ concentrations in shoots. Phosphorus application improved antioxidant enzyme activities and gas exchange attributes which emerged as an important mechanism of Cd tolerance in wheat. We conclude that P application contributes to decreased Cd concentrations in wheat shoots and increased gas exchange attributes and antioxidant enzymes and could be implemented in a general scheme aiming at controlling Cd concentrations in wheat for sustained production of this important grain crop.