Studies on the pathogenesis of bovine ephemeral fever in sentinel cattle. I. Virology and serology

Twenty-two sentinel cattle were observed daily during an outbreak of ephemeral fever on a dairy farm in eastern Australia in the summer of 1981–192. Of the 22 cattle, 9 developed clinical ephemeral fever. None developed sub-clinical infection. The pattern of the epidemic was a single index case followed 10 days later by the main epidemic wave which lasted for 7 days. This wave stopped when there were still 14 uninfected susceptible animals remaining in the sentinel group, and when biting flies were very active. Ten isolations of bovine ephemeral fever virus were made in Aedes albopictus tissue cultures from the blood of 5 clinical cases. One hundred and twelve isolations of CSIRO Village virus and one each of Kimberley and Akabane viruses were also made from various members of the sentinel group. There was serological evidence that infections with Tibrogargan, Tinaroo and Aino viruses also occurred in 6 cattle in the observation period. The 13 cattle undergoing a sub-clinical viraemia with CSIRO Village virus, Tibrogargan, Kimberley, Akabane or Aino viruses at the time of the main outbreak, appeared to be temporarily protected against ephemeral fever. However, 9 of the 11 still remaining in the herd were susceptible in a subsequent outbreak of ephemeral fever 2 years later. Evidence is presented that subclinical infections with other arboviruses may limit an ephemeral fever epidemic by providing temporary protection by interference.