高产小麦氮肥施用研究进展

近年来，随着小麦高产品种的选育和栽培技术的改进，中国小麦产量不断提高，高产和超高产小麦面积不断增加，对保障国家粮食安全发挥了重要作用。但生产中高产小麦所占比例较小，高产品种的生物学潜力没有充分发挥。氮肥是小麦生产中重要的物质投入，对于小麦的产量和品质有着重要影响。2004年全国小麦平均氮肥用量达153.45 kg/hm2，总用量达到331.85万t，占全国氮肥用量的14.93%。由于缺乏科学技术指导，中国不同区域和不同农户之间氮肥用量差别较大，氮肥利用率不高，对环境带来极大的压力。对中国高产小麦的生产和氮肥施用状况、高产小麦需氮规律、高产小麦氮肥施用技术和麦田的土壤肥力状况等进行了综述，并对今后高产小麦氮素管理提出了建议。

Advance on Nitrogen Fertilizer Application in Winter Wheat with High Yield

With the application of high productive varieties and improvement of cultural practice, the wheat output are increasing, the area of high yield wheat and super high yield wheat are expanding in China, and it plays an important role for food safety. However, the proportion of high yield wheat is small, and the yield potential of high yield varieties was not realized. Nitrogen is the most important investment in wheat production, and affects wheat yield and quality significantly. Average nitrogen consumption on wheat was 153.45 kg/hm2 in 2004, the total amount reached 3.385′106 tons, which account for 14.93% of total nitrogen consumption in China. Due to lack scientific method, big difference existed between various area and different farms, the nitrogen recovery efficiency was very low, and it affected environment safety progressively. This paper reviewed the present production of winter wheat with high yield and nitrogen fertilizer application, discussed wheat nitrogen requirement characteristics, technology of nitrogen fertilizer application, and soil fertility status, and raised some proposals for future research.