碳酸铵对意大利青霉的作用机制及对不同柑橘果实品质的影响

为了寻求一种安全有效的方法防治由意大利青霉（Penicillium italicum）引起的柑橘青霉病，该研究分析了碳酸铵抑制意大利青霉生长的可能作用机制及对脐橙、皇帝柑、沃柑3种不同类型柑橘贮藏品质的影响。结果表明，碳酸铵能抑制意大利青霉孢子萌发和菌丝生长，且呈现剂量依赖效应，在质量浓度分别为0.4和0.8 g/L时可完全抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长。结构观察表明，碳酸铵引起菌丝生长节点稀疏和分支减少；超微结构观察发现菌丝严重皱缩，菌丝线粒体结构异常。生理生化分析表明，碳酸铵处理引起线粒体的钠/钾离子ATP酶（Na+/ K+-ATPase）、钙离子ATP酶（Ca2+-ATPase）和镁离子ATP酶（Mg2+-ATPase）活性下降，导致还原型谷胱甘肽（Reduced Glutathione，GSH）含量及谷胱甘肽还原酶（Glutathione Reductase，GR）活性降低，活性氧清除体系超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide Dismutase，SOD）、过氧化氢酶（Catalase，CAT）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase，POD）活性紊乱，促进H2O2积累。添加活性氧清除剂半胱氨酸（Cysteine，Cys）能部分恢复碳酸铵处理的病菌孢子萌发。活体接种表明，16 g/L碳酸铵处理显著减小了柑橘果实接种意大利青霉的病斑直径（P<0.05），减轻果实发病。碳酸铵处理能降低3种类型柑橘果实自然发病率，且对果实失重率、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、还原糖含量无不良影响。结果表明，碳酸铵通过损伤意大利青霉菌丝线粒体结构和功能，促进活性氧积累来发挥抗真菌活性，可以作为杀菌剂的绿色有效替代品，研究结果可为碳酸铵防治柑橘果实采后腐烂提供参考。

Mechanism of ammonium carbonate on Penicillium italicum and its effect on the quality of different citrus fruits

Citrus is susceptible to infection by a variety of fungi during storage and transportation, leading to severe economic loss. Penicillium italicum is one of two major postharvest diseases of citrus fruits, causing blue mold. It is crucial to seek a safe and effective way to replace or reduce the use of synthetic fungicides for health and environmental concerns. Since the ammonium carbonate can be expected to inhibit P. italicum activity in recent years, it still remains unknown on the specific mechanism and the effect on the fruit quality of different citrus species. Taking the "Navel" orange, "Tribute" citrus, and "Fertile" orange as the research objects, this study aims to investigate the antifungal activity of ammonium carbonate against Penicillium italicum causing blue mold in fruits via interfering reactive oxygen metabolism. A possible mechanism of ammonium carbonate was also clarified to evaluate the storage qualities under the safe and limited growth of P. italicum after treatment. Scanning and transmission electron microscope (SEM/TEM) were utilized to characterize the mycelial morphology and mitochondrial structure. The mitochondrial ATPase activities and H2O2 content were also measured to determine the inhibition of substances against the pathogens. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of reduced glutathione were measured to further clarify the effect of ammonium carbonate on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, an in-vivo experiment was carried out to explore the effects of ammonium carbonate on the storage quality, such as soluble solids, vitamin C, titratable acid, reducing sugar, and color of citrus. The results showed that ammonium carbonate greatly inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth of P. italicum in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, ammonium carbonate at 0.4 and 0.8 g/L completely inhibited the spore germination and mycelial growth, respectively. The morphology observation showed that ammonium carbonate caused the growth of mycelia with sparse nodes and fewer branches. Ultrastructural observation showed that the hypha was seriously shrunk to the abnormal structure of mitochondria. Physiological and biochemical analysis indicated that ammonium carbonate treatment caused the decrease of Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase activities in the mitochondria of hypha, further resulted in the loss of reduced glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity, concurrently interrupted the balance of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities in the scavenging system of ROS, and finally to promote the H2O2 accumulation in hypha of P. italicum. Nevertheless, the addition of Cysteine (Cys), a scavenger of ROS, partially restored the spore germination that inhibited by ammonium carbonate. In-vivo test, 16 g/L ammonium carbonate treatment significantly reduced the lesion diameter of citrus fruits inoculated with P. italicum (P<0.05), and then alleviated the disease severity in Novel orange, Tribute citrus, and Fertile orange. Correspondingly, the ammonium carbonate treatment can be expected to reduce the natural disease incidence without adverse effects on fruit weight loss, color, and quality parameters, including soluble solids, titratable acid, vitamin C, and reducing sugar contents. These results demonstrated that ammonium carbonate can be used to damage the mitochondrial structure and function of P. italicum, thereby promoting the accumulation of ROS for the antifungal activity. The powerful antifungal activity of ammonium carbonate against P. italicum can offer great potential application in control of postharvest decay of citrus fruits.