中国淡水池塘养殖面临的环境问题及对策

传统的集约化池塘养殖废水排放势必会加剧周围水域的富营养化程度，环境问题已成为中国淡水池塘养殖发展的瓶颈之一。为解决这个难题，国内外学者尝试了原位的和异位的池塘生态环境修复技术，其中具有代表性的是“鱼-菜”共生和循环水养殖模式。前者虽然增加了额外的经济、生态收入，但难以实现池塘产排污系数的绝对为零，而后者虽然能够实现水资源的循环利用，但考虑到经济、土地成本，很难有大面积的净化配置。养殖池塘水体上层种菜，养殖废水排入人工湿地，将原位与异位修复技术结合起来，建立淡水池塘生态合作养殖模式，是中国池塘养殖所面临环境问题的有效解决途径之一。渔民合作社是水产科技集中体现的平台，将中国已发展成熟的养鱼合作社，从“经济合作”、“信息合作”推向“生态合作”也是水产养殖业发展的趋势。

Environmental Impact and Countermeasures of Freswater Fishpond Aquaculture in China

The environment problem of traditional freshwater aquaculture pond was more and more serious,due to intensify the degree of eutrophication in water body around.To solve this problem,recent research emphasized on the in-situ remediation represented by ＂ Fish-Vegetable Mutualism ＂ Mode（FVMM） and ectopic remediation represented by Recirculating Aquaculture System（RAS）.FVMM could reduce the generation and discharge coefficient of fish pond,ecological balance would be hard to realize,and RAS could not avoid the extra economic cost and land resource,the ecological value of application of this mode around eutrophication area was evident due to its zero-discharge.Establishing an ecological cooperation（EC） aquaculture model,comprised by floating-bed grown vegetables in water upper,and constructed wetland receiving waste water of fishpond,would be an effective way to solve the problem caused by traditional freshwater aquaculture.Cooperation society was an effective platform to reflect the technologies of aquaculture,aquaculture cooperation society was characterized by ＂ economic cooperation ＂,followed by ＂ information cooperation ＂,＂ ecological cooperation ＂ would be a tendency.