池塘移动式太阳能水质调控机研制与试验

为调控池塘养殖水质,设计了一种由太阳能动力、絮状污泥吸收释放、水面行走和运行控制等装置组成的池塘移动式太阳能养殖水质调控机。性能测试表明,池塘移动式太阳能水质调控机的光照启动强度为13 000 lx,空载运行噪音68 dB,在水面平稳运行的移动速度在0.02~0.03 m/s之间。在光照度13 000~52 500 lx情况下,絮状污泥吸收释放装置的运行速度和提水量随光照度变化而变化,运行速度在0.13~0.35 m/s之间,提水量为110~208 m3/h。絮状污泥吸收释放装置设计为可旋转折叠式,通过调节折叠角度,可在水深0.5~2.0 m的池塘中作业,其对絮状污泥的吸收量与吸泥口的距底距离有关,距底距离越小,吸收量越大,在养殖池塘中的适宜距底距离为10~15 cm。池塘移动式太阳能水质调控机的作业范围与连接杆长度和牵引绳固定方式有关,通过调节连接杆长度和牵引绳方向,其运行轨迹可覆盖池塘80%以上水面。在养殖池塘中使用移动式太阳能水质调控机,可显著降低池塘养殖水体中的NH3+-N、NO2--N浓度,提高水体中的总磷浓度,降低池塘底泥沉积物厚度和沉积物中的总氮和活性磷含量。同时还可以分别提高养殖池塘中吃食性和滤食性鱼类产量30%和25%以上,降低养殖饲料系数24%以上。池塘移动式太阳能养殖水质调控机有较高的经济性,每台设备每年可节约电能2 400 kW以上。综合试验结果表明,池塘移动式太阳能水质调控机符合中国池塘养殖特点,各项性能指标达到设计要求,具有运行稳定、移动作业面大,水质调控效果好、增产效果显著和节能效果高等特点,可以用于池塘养殖水质调控。

Development and experiment of movable pond aquaculture water quality regulation machine based on solar energy

Abstract: Pond aquaculture plays a very important role in China's aquaculture industry and is the main source of aquatic product supply. For the regulation and control of pond aquaculture water quality, a movable pond aquaculture water quality regulation machine based on solar energy (SMWM) was designed and the prototype had been manufactured. This machine is solar-powered and can move upon the water, mainly consisted of solar power device, sediment lifting device, water walking device and working control system. The solar power device provides power for the entire machine, while the water walking device drives the whole equipment moving on the water. The sediment lifting device orbits around the main part of the equipment (the solar power device, water walking device and working control system), affecting large area of pond. Tests on the mechanical properties revealed that the minimum illumination of SMWM becoming working was 13 000 lx; The no-load running noise was 68 dB; The moving speed upon the water was 0.02-0.03 m/s. In the illumination intensity of 13 000-52 500 lx, the running speed of the sediment lifting device orbiting around the main part was 0.13-0.35 m/s, the capacity of water delivery was 110-208 m3/h. Illumination intensity was an important factor influencing the moving speed and capacity of water delivery of the sediment lifting device. The stronger of illumination intensity was, the values of moving speed and water delivery capacity higher. The sediment lifting device was foldaway and the angle of suction chamber can be adjusted. By adjusting the angle, the machine can work well in ponds with different water depthes from 0.5 m to 2 m. The sucking sediment performance of sediment lifting device was related to the distance of suction mouth of lifting device to pond bottom. The smaller of the distance was, the more sediment being sucked to the surface water. In aquaculture pond, the most suitable distance was 10-15 cm. Moreover, by adjusting the length of connecting rod and the direction of traction rope, the working area of the machine can be more than 80%. For the water quality, the using of SMWM in pond aquaculture caused decreased TN, NH3+-N and NO2--N concentrations and increased TP concentration in water. The content of TN and available phosphorus in sediment was reduced. These findings implied that the SMWM could promote the transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in water. In addition, results from fish production showed that the SMWM caused the yields of feed-eating fish and filter-feeding fish enhanced by more than 30% and 25%, respectively. The feed coefficient of the feed-eating fish was decreased by more than 24%. In an entire aquaculture period, the machine saved the electrical power by more than 2 400 kW. These results indicated that the SMWM might be suitable for pond aquaculture in China. Its structure and working performance had met the design requirement. The SMWM possesses the advantages of stable operation, large working area, good water quality regulation effect and notable yield-increasing effect. Applying this machine in pond aquaculture for the regulation and control of water quality is feasible.