Factors controlling nitrate concentrations in surface waters of an artificially drained agricultural watershed

Land managers need to clearly identify the main natural factors controlling nitrate attenuation from upstream to downstream in agricultural watersheds. All interfaces between surface waters and groundwaters such as riparian zones could be identified as retention zones in the watershed. However, in highly human-influenced agricultural landscapes, retention zones could be shortcut, abandoned and sometimes erased. Starting from this situation, this paper aims to underline the role of hydrological and biogeochemical retention processes in the determination of nitrate concentration in an artificially drained agricultural watershed. The Orgeval watershed (East part of Paris, France, belonging to a long-term environmental observatory network) is 80 % covered by drained agricultural plots, 17 % forest and 3 % urban areas and roads, covering a surface area of 104 km². The watershed is split into several nested sub-basins from 1 to 100 km². Two levels of monitoring were carried out in the 2007–2008 hydrological year: long-term at six monitoring stations (measuring nitrate concentration and discharge) and 20 points throughout the watershed (measuring discharge, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, calcium concentration and nitrogen isotopic composition) for three different dates (10/18/2007, 01/23/2008, 04/10/2008). Artificial drainage generates modified water transfer and thus nitrate transformation processes during the wet drainage season in winter. Dilution processes provided by forested areas seem to be one of the main factor determining global water quality. A threshold of 34 % forested cover maintains the nitrate concentration below the drinking-water limit (11.3 mgN L^?1). Nevertheless, statistical analysis, isotopic measurements and the analysis of the nitrate versus chloride ratio showed that retention processes also influence water quality during the dry season.