Effects of water stress on emission of volatile organic compounds by Vicia faba, and consequences for attraction of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis |
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Authors: | Gianandrea Salerno Francesca Frati Giovanni Marino Luisa Ederli Stefania Pasqualini Francesco Loreto Stefano Colazza Mauro Centritto |
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Affiliation: | 1.Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences,University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno,Perugia,Italy;2.Trees and Timber Institute,The National Research Council of Italy,Sesto Fiorentino,Italy;3.Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology,University of Perugia,Perugia,Italy;4.Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences,The National Research Council of Italy,Rome,Italy;5.Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences,University of Palermo,Palermo,Italy |
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Abstract: | When plants are damaged by herbivorous insects, blends of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are induced and released and can also be used by parasitoids to locate hosts. The aim was to determine whether VOCs induced by water stress affect the plant–herbivore–parasitoid system represented by broad bean (Vicia faba; Fabales: Fabaceae) stink bug (Nezara viridula; Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) egg parasitoid (Trissolcus basalis; Hymenoptera: Platygastridae). The effects of water stress (expressed as the percentage fraction of transpirable soil water [FTSW] supplied) alone and in combination with N. viridula damage (feeding plus oviposition) were determined according to: (1) the behavioural response of the egg parasitoid in a Y-tube olfactometer and (2) the plant VOCs collected and analysed by thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. With pot water capacity as FTSW100, water stress was applied as mild (FTSW80), moderate (FTSW50) and severe (FTSW10). Bioassays with plants under abiotic stress alone showed that egg parasitoids are more attracted by FTSW10 plants than by well-watered plants. When plants were under abiotic and biotic stress interactions, the egg parasitoids are more attracted by FTSW10 and FTSW50 plants than by well-watered plants infested with N. viridula. Considering VOCs emissions, projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) separated treatments according to egg parasitoid responses. Water stress alone and in combination with biotic stress induced changes in VOC emissions of V. faba plants that attract egg parasitoids. These findings contribute to our understanding of how water stress affects the interactions between plants, insect pests and egg parasitoids. |
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