Ancient genetic bottleneck and Plio-Pleistocene climatic changes imprinted the phylobiogeography of European Black Pine populations |
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Authors: | Krassimir D Naydenov Michel K Naydenov Alexander Alexandrov Kole Vasilevski Georgi Hinkov Vlado Matevski Biljana Nikolic Venceslas Goudiaby Dave Riegert Despina Paitaridou Andreas Christou Irina Goia Christopher Carcaillet Adrian Escudero Alcantara Cengiz Ture Suleyman Gulcu Veselka Gyuleva Srdjan Bojovic Lorenzo Peruzzi Salim Kamary Anatoly Tsarev Faruk Bogunic |
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Institution: | 1.Ministry of National Defence - CAF,St-Jean-sur-Richelieu,Canada;2.Faculty of Medicine,Ss. Cyril and Methodius University,Skopje,Republic of Macedonia;3.Bulgarian Academy of Science,Forest Research Institute,Sofia,Bulgaria;4.Faculty of Forestry,Ss. Cyril and Methodius University,Skopje,Republic of Macedonia;5.Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics,Institute of Biologie,Skopje,Republic of Macedonia;6.Institute of Forestry,Belgrade,Serbia;7.Forest Ecology and Forest Management,Wageningen University,Wageningen,The Netherlands;8.Department of Mathematics and Statistics,Queen’s University,Kingston,Canada;9.Ministry of Reconstruction of Production, Environment, and Energy,Athens,Greece;10.Departament of Forestry,Nicosia,Cyprus;11.Faculty of Biology and Geology,Babes-Bolyai University,Cluj-Napoca,Romania;12.Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes PSLResearch University Paris,Paris,France;13.LEHNA (UMR5023) CNRS, Université Lyon 1,Villeurbanne Cedex,France;14.Area de Biodiversidad and Conservacion,Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,Mostoles,Spain;15.Department of Biology, Ecology Program, Science Faculty,Anadolu University,Eskisehir,Turkey;16.Forestry Faculty,Suleyman Demirel University,Isparta,Turkey;17.Institute for Biological Research “Sini?a Stankovi?”,University of Belgrade,Belgrade,Serbia;18.Dipartimento di Biologia,Università di Pisa,Pisa,Italy;19.Faculté des Sciences,Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda,Oujda,Morocco;20.Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk,Petrozavodsk,Russia;21.Faculty of Forestry,University of Sarajevo,Sarajevo,Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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Abstract: | The historical changes in European Black Pine population size across the whole natural distribution in Europe and Asia Minor were analyzed facing the Plio-Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. Thirteen chloroplast SSRs and SNPs markers have been studied under the assumptions of “neutral evolution.” Populations and meta-populations had different histories of migration routes, and they were strongly affected by complex patterns of isolation, fragmentation, speciation, expansion (1.88–4.28 Ma), purification selection (2.09–21.41 Ma) and bottleneck (1.85–21.76 Ma). A significant number of populations (min. 29–41%) were in equilibrium for very long periods. Generally, the bottleneck revealed by chloroplast DNA is weaker than the bottleneck revealed by nuclear DNA. The N e immediately after the bottleneck reaches between 1820 and 3640 individuals. Generally, the historical effective population sizes shrink significantly for the Tertiary period from 10–15 up to 2.5 Ma in Western Europe (by 82%), followed by Asia Minor (69%) and the Balkan Peninsula (28%), likely resulting from important climatic changes. The rates and frequencies of stepwise westwards migration waves have been not sufficient to prevent isolation between the meta-populations and to suppress “sympatric speciation.” The migration was weak for the Pliocene, but was maximal for the Pleistocene, and finally silent for the present interglacial period, namely the Holocene. |
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